Competition in Public Health

Competition in Public Health Introduction Public health was established by the Romans as they thought that sanitation would lead to good health.The Romans made associations between causes of ailment and methods of deterrence. as a consequence they developed a large structure of Public Health works around their empire.The Romans thought that Prevention of illness was more imperative than cure of disease. Roman Philosophy was based along the lines of probing for a motive then establishing a preventative measure to reduce the risk involved. As a practical people they used remarks of the environment to determine what was causing ill health. This form of experimental observation led the Romans to understand that death rates were higher in and around marshes and swamps.The remedy would then be based upon judgment. The Romans, being technologically suitable, resolved to offer clean water through aqueducts, to eliminate the bulk of sewage through the building of sewers and to cultivate a system of public toilets throughout their tow ns and citys. Personal hygiene was reinvigorated through the building of large public baths.(priory.comhistoryofmedicine/publichealth) In some ways, public health is a recent concept, although it has roots in ancient times. From the beginnings of human evolution, it was recognized that unclean water and lack of suitable waste disposal spread vector-borne diseases. Early religions attempted to controlbehaviour that precisely related to health, from types of food eaten, to regulating certain indulgent behaviours, such as drinking alcohol or sexual relations. The creation of governments placed accountability on leaders to cultivate public health policies and agendas in order to gain some indulgent of the causes of disease and thus safeguard social stability opulence, and maintain order.(priory.comhistoryofmedicine/publichealth). In America, public health worker Dr. Sara Josephine Baker dropped the infant mortality rate using preventative means. She established many agendas to help the poor in New York City keep their infants hale and hearty. Dr. Baker led teams of nurses into the crowded communities of Hells Kitchen and taught mothers how to dress, feed, and wash their babies. After WWI many states and countries followed her example in order to lower infant mortality rates.During the 20th century, the intense increase in average life span is widely credited to public health achievements, such as vaccination programs and control of infectious diseases, effective safety policies such as motor-vehicle and occupational safety, improved family planning, fluoridation of drinking water, anti-smoking measures, and programs designed to decrease chronic disease.( American Journal OF Public Health, 2005). What does the meaning of public health? If community nurses are to be involved in public health work some understanding of its meaning is required. Perhaps the key term is the organised efforts of society, implying some collective responsibility for health and prevention (Beaglehole Bonita, 1997). This can mean the partnerships and combinedtactics the government is so keen on to stimulate health, like the health action zones or health living centres. Nurses involved in public wellbeing work need to focus on the health of local communities, groups and populations, not on individuals or families. When trying to identify the health needs of local communities, approaches using both art and science come in. Beaglehole and Bonitas (1997) suggest both a qualitative (art) and quantitative (science) approach can be taken in identifying health needs. The foundation stone of the quantitative approach to public Competetion: Most of the day-to-day business of the organization, and around three quarters of the funding, is administered by district health boards (DHBs). DHBs plan, accomplish, provide and purchase health services for the population of their district to ensure services are arranged excellently and proficiently for all of New Zealand. This includes funding for primary care, hospital services, public health services, aged care services, and services provided by other non-government health providers including MÄ ori and Pacific providers. Health targetsare reviewed annually to ensure they align with health priorities. The current targets are listed below. *Shorter stays in emergency departments 95 percentof patients will be admitted, discharged, or transferred from an emergency department within six hours. *Improved access to elective surgery The volume of elective surgery will be increased by at least 4000 discharges per year. *Shorter waits for cancer treatment All patients, ready-for-treatment, wait less than four weeks for radiotherapy or chemotherapy. *Increased immunisation 90 percentof eight months olds will have their primary course of immunisation (six weeks, three months and five months immunisation events) on time by July 2014 and 95 percent by December 2014. *Better help for smokers to quit 95 percentof hospitalised patients who smoke and are seen by a health practitioner in public hospitals and 90 percentof enrolled patients who smoke and are seen by a health practitioner in general practice are offered brief advice and support to quit smoking. Within the target a specialised identified group will include progress towards 90 percentof pregnant women (who identify as smokers at the time of confirmation of pregnancy in general practice or booking with Lead Maternity Carer) are offered advice and support to quit. *More heart and diabetes checks 90 percentof the eligible population will have had their cardiovascular risk assessed in the last five years. (health.govt.nz) New Zealand permanent residents New Zealand citizens (including those from the Cook Islands, Niue or Tokelau) Australian citizen or permanent resident who has lived, or intends to live, in New Zealand for two years or more Work visa holder eligible to be in New Zealand for two years or more People aged 17 years or younger, in the care and control of an eligible parent, legal guardian, adopting parent or person applying to be their legal guardian Interim visa holders New Zealand Aid Programme student receiving Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding Commonwealth scholarship students Foreign language teaching assistant Refugees and protected persons, applicants and appeallants for refugee and protection status, and victims of people trafficking offences If you are living in the Netherlands or you are paying income-tax in the Netherlands you are required to procure a health insurance at a Dutch insurance company. In the past there was a difference between public and private healthcare in the Netherlands. This however has been changed and everybody is now required to purchase basic health insurance. The basic packageThe government has put together a basic package that covers about the same as the previous system. Health insurance companies are legally obliged to offer at least this basic package and can not reject anybody who is applying for it. With the basic package you are covered for the following:Medical care, including services by GP’s, hospitals, medical specialists and obstetricians Hospital stay, Dental care (up until the age of 18 years, when 18 years or older you are only covered for specialist dental care and false teeth), Various medical appliancesVarious medicines, Prenatal care,Patient transport (e.g. ambulance), Paramedical careYou can decide to purchase additional insurance for circumstances not included in the basic package. However, in this case insurance companies can reject your application and they have the right to   determine the price. If you are working for a company in the Netherlands, consider purchasing a collective health insurance policy, this can be a good option as it is often cheaper. However, you are not obliged to buy such a policy when it is offered to you and your employer is not obliged to make you an offer. Ask your employer about the possibilities.Fees of the basic packageThe fees for the basic health insurance package are annually determined by the health insurance companies and are normally approximately â‚ ¬95 per month. Although the Ministry of Health (Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport)determines a standard premium, the insurance companies determine the additions fee you will have to pay in the end by charging a certain rate and Foreigners are also entitled to this grant if they qualify.Children under the age of 18 years do not have to pay any health insurance and are insured for free for the basic package of health care.(justlanded.com) References: Retrieved from health.govt.nz Retrieved from justlanded.com

Fear in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and The Scarlet Letter :: comparison compare contrast essays

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Scarlet Letter To Live With Fear   Ã‚  Ã‚   To live with fear and not be overcome by it is the final test of maturity. This test has been "taken" by various literary characters.   Chief Bromden in Ken Kesey's One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter both appear to have taken and passed this test.   Ã‚  Ã‚   It first seemed as though the Chief was going to fail this test of maturity in the mental ward that he was committed to.   He had locked himself up by acting deaf and dumb.   He had immense fear of the "Combine," or society, that ruined things and people and treated them like machines, giving orders and controlling them.   Soon enough to "save" the Chief, McMurphy arrived. He was lively, and not scared;   the complete opposite of the Chief.   This courage eventually passed on to the Chief.   At a meeting, when McMurphy was holding a vote to prove that the patients wanted to see the World Series, the Chief voted for it.   At first he said that McMurphy controlled his hand.   Later on he admitted that it was he who raised it. He even talked to McMurphy one night, and began laughing at the situation at hand.   One day when McMurphy and the Chief tried to help another patient who was being taken advantage of by orderlies, they were caught and sentenced to electro-shock therapy (EST).   The Chi usually blacked out in a fog when confronted with problems;   however, this time (he had endured over 200 EST sessions previously) he did not.   However, McMurphy was deteriorating, and the two seemed to be reversing positions.   McMurphy eventually was sentenced to a lobotomy, which left him as a helpless, pathetic person, as the Chief had once been.   The Chief now had the courage to put McMurphy out of his misery, despite what the head nurse, Nurse Ratched, the symbol of the combine to the Chief, would do to him.   He smothered McMurphy, and afterwards, escaped by lifting the control panel, which McMurphy told him that he could lift but the Chief saw himself as "small," a symbol of his strength against the combine, and breaking a

Overweight or Obese Students in Physical Education Essay

In this thought paper, a social ecological constraint model study the inclusion of overweight or obese students in physical education by integrating key concepts and assumptions from ecological constraint theory in motor development and social ecological models in health promotion and behavior. There are some issues about the ecological constraint model. Often, overweight or obese are considered relative to their physical inabilities and how they differ from their peers. Even worse, physical educators maybe negatively biased toward overweight or obese students. Greenleaf, Martin & Rhea, 2008; Greenleaf and Weiler, 2005) and may have stereotypical views of lifestyle behaviors, lack of individual control, outward appearance (Chambis, Finley, & Blair, 2004; Rukavina, Li, & Rowel, 2008; Rukavina, Li, Shen & Sun, 2010). Another constraint is obesity bias/weight stigma, often defined as the assumption that overweight people have negative character trait such as laziness, self-indulgence, or lack of intelligence (Puhl & Brownell, 2001). In parallel of this article, given the social acceptability of negative attitudes toward obese individuals, it may not be surprising to learn that weight discrimination is common in the United States. Weight stigma or bias generally refers to negative weight-related attitudes toward an overweight or obese individual. These attitudes are often manifested by negative stereotypes (e. g. , that obese persons are â€Å"lazy† or â€Å"lacking in willpower†), social rejection and prejudice. Weight stigma includes verbal teasing (e. g. , name calling, derogatory remarks, being made fun of, etc. ), physical aggression (e. g. , hitting, kicking, pushing, shoving, etc. ) and relational victimization (e. g. , social exclusion, being ignored, avoided, or the target of rumors). Many obese individuals report being treated with less respect or courtesy than thinner persons and being called names or insults because of their weight. Thus, weight stigma can emerge in subtle forms, or it can be expressed directly. Discrimination is distinct from stigma and negative attitudes, and specifically refers to unequal, unfair treatment of people because of their weight. For example, an obese person who is qualified for a job but is not hired for the position because of his or her weight may have been the victim of weight discrimination. Other examples include being denied a job promotion or fired from a job because of one’s weight; being denied certain medical procedures or provided inferior medical care because of one’s weight; or being denied a scholarship, a bank loan or prevented from renting or buying a home because of one’s weight. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity, it appears that incidences of weight discrimination are only becoming worse. (Puhl, R. M. , Andreyeva, T. , & Brownell, K. D; 2008).

Graduate School Admissions Essays

The Elevator Doors - 1596 Words

As I took those few daunting steps from the elevator doors to through the white frosted doors of the Ear, Throat, Nose Surgical Ward, I thought to myself It’s time to grow up Emma! I remember stepping into a room about the size of a small classroom and going straight into a gross brownish-puke lumpy chair and sitting down on my everso shaking hands to conceal from both my mom and dad who stood up at the big front desk talking to middle age woman sitting behind it. I was only able to see the top half of her face, which reminded me of Wilson from Home Improvement. When they were done my parents came to sit down with me. My mom on my right and my dad next to her. After what felt like hours of waiting...and waiting...and waiting, a middle aged†¦show more content†¦Gardner, he was the head surgeon, who already knew my family as he did my eldest sister’s tonsillectomy. Next to him was a younger doctor whose face I couldn’t see and there were 3 other nurses-unf ortunately I didn’t learn their names so we are going to call them by the colors they were wearing, Pink Nurse, Purple Nurse, Blue Nurse, and Green Nurse- standing around with them all talking and laughing around. Glad they’re getting a kick out of this and that they’re excited. I stood alone for a moment just as still as a statue but a small as a pebble. The Purple Nurse walked from my side to the small locker wall unlocked one of them pulled out one of the infamous hospital gowns, the ones I had heard about, seen on TV, and seen on other people but never have I worn one. â€Å"If you just want to take this and go into one of the bathroom right here you can change out of your clothes and into this we’ll wait out here for you.† She told me handing me the pale blue and white gown jestering to the bathroom. â€Å"Any make sure to leave your underwear on.† Added quietly to me before I walked into the bathroom and closed the door. The bathroom w as small we enough to have a toilet, single sink/vanity, and a waste basket. It was very clean, which is to be expected in a hospital. I set the gown on the tiny counter next to the sink,

The Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960s - 1654 Words

The Civil Rights movement of the 1960s sought to end racial segregation and discrimination and give African American citizens better and equal legal rights. As a result of countless protests and civil rights parties pressing for their constitutional and civil rights day after day, the African American community was able to obtain many of the ideas they were striving for. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected their voting rights, while the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned any discrimination based on religion, color, and race in places of employment or public services. Laws like these were a huge victory and a monumental step for African Americans, but unfortunately just because it was suddenly against the law to discriminate and segregate them, didn t mean that they were all of sudden treated fairly and no longer discriminated against in everyday situations and conversations. While the lives and rights of African Americans have changed for the better since the Civil Righ ts movement, they still face many problems including the racism they thought they destroyed. Crimes in America are committed by people of all ages, races, and genders, but somehow the incarceration rate of black males is substantially higher than any others. According to the NAACP, African Americans now constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated population, and are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of white citizens. One in six black men have been incarcerated asShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960s And 1960954 Words   |  4 Pagesovercome racial prejudice, truly we have come a long way from the civil rights moment. The history of the United States is a series of many current social changes that have occurred. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960’s was one of the most significant and important for the equality of all people. Because of the abolition of slavery in 1863, many continuous conflict between races of people that live in the United States, rights were violated on a consistent basis, mainly because of the colorRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And The Movement Of The 1960s1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe  civil  rights  movement  was a well known  movement in which  the blacks are entitled to reach Civil Rights and are treated the same in all primary rights for U.S citizenship like possibility of employment, housing, education and right to vote. However, the beginnings of the  movement  go back to the 19th century, but it raised in the 1950s and 1960s. African American people, with accompany of particular numbers of whites, planned and led the  movemen t at national and local levels. They followed theirRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And The Movement Of The 1960s1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement was a large and very popular movement that secured African Americans equal access and opened doors for the essential benefits and rights of U.S. citizenship. In spite of the fact that the foundations of the movement go back to the nineteenth century, it crested in the 1960s. African American men and ladies, alongside whites, sorted out and drove the movement at national and neighborhood levels. They sought after their objectives through lawful means, arrangements, petitionsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s974 Words   |  4 Pagesof the 1960s, the goal of the Civil Rights Movement, led by Martin Luther King, Jr., was to end legal segregation and to integrate society. His strategy to achieve these goals was non-violent protest. By the end of the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement moved from integ ration to black separatism, and the strategy of the movement changed from non-violent methods to a militant style of protest. This change in strategy had a deep impact in the opinions and support of white people for the Civil RightsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The 1950s And 1960s1183 Words   |  5 Pagesthe impact of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s on the lives of African-Americans in that period. The Civil Rights movement refers to the movement which aimed to remove racial discrimination and segregation and improve the social, political, legal, and economic rights of black people in America . Although slavery had been abolished with the end of the Civil War , the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws kept black people and white people segregated from each other and the voting rights of African-AmericansRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960 S1077 Words   |  5 Pagesmany social changes that have occurred. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s was one of the most significant and important for the equality of all people. Since the abolition of slavery in 1863, there had been a continuous conflict between the races of people who live in the United States. African Americans have a history of struggles because of racism and prejudices. Ever since the end of the Civil War, they struggled to benefit from their full rights that the Constitution promised. Jim Crow wasRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement During The 1960 S1224 Words   |  5 Pagesand negative effects on the people of the US.   During the 1960’s there were a lot of changes and one of these major changes was know as The Civil Rights Movement.   The civil rights movement was a movement created by African Americans to achieve rights equal to white people and have equal opportunity in housing, employment, education, the right to vote, and to not be segregated.   This movement had many important leaders that helped get rights for African Americans.   The book â€Å"Tambourines To Glory† isRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement During The 1960 S1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe American South in the 1960 s and Ancient Thebes both had a rigid social and legal system that did not effectively and legitimately represent the majority of its citizens. In both eras, an antihero rose up to defy the establish system. Dr. King, in the 1960 s, protested unjust laws and was jailed and viewed as an antagonist. Similarly, in Ancient Thebes, Antigone is sentenced to death for doing what she believes is right, regardless of the law. If Dr. King failed, he stood to lose, in additionRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pages The 1960’s were one of the most significant decades in the twentieth century. The sixties were filled with new music, clothes, and an overall change in the way people acted, but most importantly it was a decade filled with civil rights movements. On February 1, 1960, four black freshmen from North Carolina Agriculture and Technical College in Greensboro went to a Woolworth’s lunch counter and sat down politely and asked for service. The waitress refused to serve them and the students remainedRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pageshave been struggling for equality for many decades. It only seems that during the 1960?s is when there were actual significant advances made. This was about the same time that civil rights came into the political scene. Throughout the South, Blacks were still in the majority, but had no political power what so ever. The Civil Rights Movement gave African Americans a voice and a chance to m ake a difference. The 1960s helped open up hope and expectations for Black Americans. One of the most

Achievements Of The Byzantine Empire Essay Example For Students

Achievements Of The Byzantine Empire Essay The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire, the survivor of the Roman empire, flourished intothe oldest and longest lasting empire in our history. It began with Constantinethe Greats triumph of Christianity. He then transferred his capital from Rometo the refounded Byzantium in the early 4th century, year 330 AD, and named itConstantinople after himself. This city became the surviving safe spot afterthe breakup of the Western Roman empire by the 5th century. It was by far thelargest and richest city in Christendom during the Middle Ages with a populationof about one million people. (Encarta)Constantine the Great had established a criterion for the empire tofollow throughout its history. It included the harmony of the church, theleaders and the teachers of the empire. Constantine created a successful newmonetary system based on the gold solidus, or nomisma which lasted well into themiddle of the 11th century. Because of the commercial thriving throughout the4th, 5th, and 6th centuries, many ancient cities flourished. Large estatesdominated agriculture which continued to be fruitful in spite of the heavytaxation causing an abandonment of land. From the beginning to the end of theByzantine empire, the church and the emperor had been the largest landholders,therefore being the largest profiteers of Byzantine. (Encarta)After the Roman empire fell in 476 AD, Byzantine conquered all. It tookover the space of southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, and the northeastcorner of Africa. The present day countries in these areas include the BalkanPeninsula, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Egypt. This large empire known asByzantine didnt get called Byzantine until scholars named it. The people ofthat time were not thought of as Byzantines but as Romans who lived a Romanlifestyle. Byzantine had been started and ruled by an emperor without anyformal constitution. It slowly formed a similar establishment of late Romaninstitutions. Byzantine followed the Romans orthodox Christianity as well. Thepredominant language of this era was Greek, although some subjects spoke Latin,Coptic, and Armenian. (Great Ages)The Greek language led to a Greek culture. The Byzantine empire stoodout for their Christian religion and their expression of it in their artwork. These Romans carved exquisite ivories, illuminated manuscripts, and formedmosaics out of glass and stone. Mosaics were pictures formed from these objectswith the intent to stimulate profound religious thought. The mood of thesemosaics was always honoring and respectful of Christianity and its components. Another form of Christian expression was in the form of icons. These were partsof the Gospel played out into visual pictures. The icons portrayed prayers,hymns, and sermons in color. These too created a reverence for worshippers tofollow. That was the first goal of icons. The second goal was to form anexistential link between themselves as worshippers and God. These are only afew ways that Byzantines use art as a part of their religion. (Great Ages)Religion was a great part of the Byzantine empire. To form a biggerChristian kingdom, Christian Justinian the first attempted to bring the west andeast Byzantine empires together in 527 AD Justinian became the second emperorof Byzantine at that time. Him and his wife, Theodora, set a goal to restorethe former majesty. (Oxford History) They wanted to improve the intellectualquality and their geographical limits of the Roman Empire. At a great cost,they reconquered North Africa, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and parts of Spain. This was part of the reason the Byzantine empire fell. Justinian and Theodora,with substantial expenses, induced in fabricating public buildings and churches. We will write a custom essay on Achievements Of The Byzantine Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 , .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .postImageUrl , .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 , .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228:hover , .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228:visited , .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228:active { border:0!important; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228:active , .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228 .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07bcf9f92ed278c60f5259699d648228:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Difficult and Wonderful Life Essay Order now One of these famous churches was the Hagia Sophia, Church of the Holy Wisdom, inConstantinople. After spending so much of the Byzantines money, the empire wasoverstrained when finally their resources ran dry. Along with that problem,plagues crossed the nation and reduced the Byzantine population. (Encarta)To fight the rundown of the Byzantine nation, they transformed theirarmies into an elite expeditionary guard called tagmata and army corps labeledthemes or themata. Each of these were commanded by a strategos or general whoacquired civil and military authority of his army district. Thematic armiesbecame army corps districts whose soldiers acquired tax-exempt lands, preservingthe core of the empire while avoiding the incriminating drain of cash that hadoverstrained the salaried armies of the period before the Arab invasions. (Encarta)Finally, the invasions began. Byzantine was able to defend itselfagainst Germanic and Hunnic raids in the 5th and 6th centuries. They were alsoable to s tabilize a reasonably secure eastern frontier against the SassanidPersian Empire but they could not recover, hold, and govern the entireMediterranean world like they had. Warfare and the nations insecurity inhibitedagriculture and education. With their limited resources, the empire could nolonger maintain the full dimensions, foundation, and complexity of the lateRoman Empire. It barely managed to endure and adapt to its circumstances. Beginning in the 9th century, Byzantium experienced a major recoverythat took many different forms. Many of the offensives halted on the easternfrontier. The reasons being were the decline of the caliphate and of thecreativity of Byzantine strategy. In the 10th century, the lands that had beenlost to the Slavs were reconquered and reorganized. As well as the recovery ofold land, the recovery of learning occurred. Intellectual life was revived inmany new fashions. Ancient manuscripts were summarized and recopies,encyclopedias were compiled, and mathematics, astronomy, and literature receivednew attention. Art and literature also returned to the regained Byzantine. The greatest Byzantine emperor seemed to be Basil II. He restrained alengthy rebellion and expanded the Byzantine empire. On the downside, hereplaced the power of many older families with a new group of loyal families. This failure damaged the revenues, authority, personnel, and other militaryresources of the state. After his death though, the empire prospered ineconomic expansion but suffered from many mediocre emperors. These emperorsneglected new technological, cultural, and economic developments in the westernpart of the empire. Meanwhile the army deteriorated. The old thematic armieshad been ruined. The fall of the Byzantine empire had been on the decline for some timethough. By 1450, only Constantinople and a few small areas to the west wereleft standing. The Ottomans of Turkey finally ended the Byzantine empire. Mohammed II, the Ottoman sultan, wanted Constantinople as the capital of hisempire. After eight weeks of heavy bombardment, his army of 80,000 men got inthe walls of the final city standing in their way. They were surprised to bemet by such a fierce opposition led by Constantine XI. Finally, whenConstantine breathed his last, the Ottomans of Turkey could rejoice at thecollapse of the city and the end of the empire. The end of the Byzantine empire showed an end to a great period inhistory. Their artwork and culture are still admired today. Their perseverancepaid off to help them become the longest standing empire in history. Byzantiumis one empire that will never be forgotten.