Difference in Gothic and Romanesque architecture Essay

Different Architecture of Romanesque and Gothic Inspired Buildings There have been numerous pilgrimages made across France and Spain, each one just as unique as the one before it. Along these routes there are an immeasurable number of magnificent churches and temples each with their own history, architecture and art work, making them very distinctive. Time and place are important influences of the design of these churches and temples when they were built; this means that we have encountered scores of distinct architectural types along our pilgrimages. I will examine as well as compare the similarities and differences of two types of architecture from the middle ages called Romanesque and Gothic. Romanesque and Gothic architecture differ in many ways from how the exterior looks to the mood on the inside to the sculptures, arch types and the clerestory. The two architectural types are different because they were influenced by the different forces surrounding them at the time. The periods in time when these architectures were being defined played an important role in the outcome. Romanesque architecture started being used in the 6th century and eventually evolved into Gothic architecture in the 12th century which lasted until the 16th century .1 We can see clear evolution of the distinct features of Romanesque architecture morphing into Gothic architecture. During the 12th century there are buildings containing features of both Romanesque and Gothic architecture. As the buildings would take years to complete, the initial stages of the building would be Romanesque and the later parts would be Gothic. I will look closely at two churches while also touching on other churches that we have discussed this semester and compare their features. St Sernin in Toulouse, France and Notre Dame Cathedral in Chartres, France will represent Romanesque and Gothic respectably. The church of St Sernin is the largest church in Toulouse, the fourth largest city in France, and it is Romanesque architecture at its finest. Toulouse was once part of a region called Roman Gaul and the church was built during the time of the Roman Empire. This is why we see Romanesque architecture throughout France and areas of Spain. The Notre Dame Cathedral in Chartres, France is considered to be one of the most important Gothic buildings, not only along the pilgrimage routes but in the world. Unlike Toulouse, Chartres is a tiny little country town however, Notre Dame  Cathedral is famous for its beautiful architecture, unique sculptures and awe inspiring stain glass windows. The exterior of Romanesque architecture was built more for function than beauty. We find most of this architecture embedded in castles where defence was imperative. While defence was n’t as important for the churches we can still see this style existing in many Romanesque churches. â€Å"The walls of Romanesque buildings are often of massive thickness with few comparatively small openings†.2 Having thick walls and small windows, the castles were almost impenetrable however this meant the design of the churches were relatively simplistic when compared to Gothic buildings. When we look at St Sernin we able to identify these features. There are numerous windows around the church however as St Sernin is a rather large Church you would expect to see more windows with other styles of architecture. The front of St Sernin has one large round window but the rest of this facing is mainly stone with few relatively small windows. When we compare this to Gothic architecture we can see a significant difference. When Romanesque architecture evolved into Gothic architecture the arches were no longer just for sustaining the weight, they became more visually appealing. Gothic architecture came to be because of â€Å"a unique combination of existing technologies†¦ Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress†.3 These new technologies meant that the exterior walls could be thinner and have more windows as the weight of the roof and upper levels were better distributed through clustered columns. Having lighter walls and more windows and openings led to more decorative and visually stunning buildings considered to be works of art. Notre Dame Cathedral is an impressive work of art which uses all the new technologies in displaying one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture. The facade of the cathedral is high and well decorated. There is a magnificent round window which is the centre piece of the face which is surrounded by countless pointed arch windows designed to support the weight. Unlike the church of St Sernin where most of the front wall was stone, Notre Dame’s front wall consists mostly of windows. These exterior features had a significant impact on the interior feel and m ood of the buildings. The amount of light let in by the two comparative architectural types has a lot to do with the feel and mood of the interior. When entering different buildings one â€Å"can feel the difference between the [two types of]  architecture†.4 When it comes to the Romanesque style of St Sernin, very little light is able to penetrate the thick walls with little openings which makes the interior mood feel dark and gloomy. When you compare that to the Gothic Notre Dame, with its numerous windows it has a completely different feel. Instead of feeling dark and gloomy like St Sernin, Notre Dame’s interior has a much lighter and a more inviting mood. ] Another defining feature of Gothic architecture is one of the new technologies, the pointed or ogival arches. This new way of carrying the weight was revolutionary as costs could be cut by having more glass and less stone work. Structural â€Å"use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different visual character to Romanesque†.5 These arches meant the ceiling could be made higher than before symbolising an aspiration for heaven. All Gothic openings such as windows, doorways and galleries are made with pointed arches. The church at St Sernin is no exception to this rule. Looking at the outside of the building all you can see is pointed arch doors and windows. It is the same once you have entered the building, pointed archways running down both sides of church. Compared to Gothic architecture, Romanesque architecture was an outdated technique when it came to efficiency. Romanesque design wasn’t as adv anced, instead of using efficient pointed arches like Gothic designs; rounded or semi circle arches were used for their arches. This is more efficient at holding weight than a square doorway but not as efficient as a pointed arch. To overcome this weakness of the rounded arches â€Å"instead of a single round arch of stone to span an opening†¦ [they use] multitudinous arches†.6 This way the weight load is spread over numerous arches instead of a single arch. When we look at the church in St Sernin the doorways and windows are all rounded. The main entrance has two large rounded doorways, when we look closely we can see it isn’t a like the other arches, to carry the weight they have made the arch wider than the wall coming out a few feet. When we go inside we can see that on top of the rows of columns on the interior there are rounded arches, even the roof is a rounded arch which is supported by moulded arches. Sculpture work that exists on the inside and outside of churches had two purposes. Intricate sculpture works on the churches were visually appealing making them more attractive to pilgrims and tourists and it was also a way of storytelling that was guaranteed to last  as long as the church. Romanesque sculptures evolved over the years having three distinct periods. A primitive period, the second period was marked by baroque exaggeration and the final refining and assimilating period.7 This style of sculpture work often depicts scenes of everyday life including both people and animals. While the scenes of the sculptures rarely altered, how they were depicted was. In the second period â€Å"[g]rotesque figures of men and animals, and designs derived from vegetable kingdom†8 were common. As we move into the third period depictions are more realistic. At St Sernin there is an abundance of Romanesque sculptures carved into the south portal. It is an early piece of Romanesque scul pture work as the subjects of the art work are all regular in appearance. Over the south portal is a scene of Christ with the twelve apostles below looking up at him. This was a common enough depiction of Christ in Romanesque design, a very similar piece had been carved on a different church carved twelve years earlier. The end of the Romanesque period flowed smoothly into the new Gothic style of sculpture work. While it continued the â€Å"tradition of Romanesque sculpture, but it changed in its iconography †¦ tending towards a didactic representation of the most important persons and scenes in the Holy Scripture†.9 Other common themes are the twelve months and the signs of the zodiac, angels and saints. Gothic architecture took the already existing Romanesque architecture and channelled this into a more comprehensive and calculated work of art with the ability to touch any individual that gazes upon her art and for individuals who understand Gothic sculpture have a deeper appreciation. The faà §ade at Notre Dame Cathedral has three magnificent doorways, and above the centre doorway is a great depiction of Christ created using a Gothic sculpture style. Christ is standing surrounded by an eagle, bull, lion and a winged man. Visitors are able to enjoy this work for its quality although t hose who understand the piece realise that the eagle represents Saint John, the bull represents Saint Luke, the lion represents Saint Mark and the winged man represents Saint Matthew. Gothic and Romanesque architecture dominated the middle ages used to create magnificent churches, temples and castles considered to be works of art. Romanesque architecture evolved into Gothic architecture during the 12th century. While these two types of architecture sometimes overlapped during the transitional period, Gothic and Romanesque architecture are like chalk and cheese when you examine them closely. From the ingenuity of the design, the mood and feel of the interior, the visual effect of the exterior and the beautiful sculpture work. Gothic architectures used all of the available technologies available to them, so they were able to create structures that Romanesque architectures could only dream of. These new design methods meant that the interior mood has also morphed; Romanesque architecture had a damp and dark mood which evolved into the bright and inviting Gothic architecture. Sculptures went from being grotesque figures in Romanesque architecture to a more defined and meaningful work of art in Gothic architecture. These two different styles of architecture may be different however they are still both quite capable of inspiring individuals which means that they will be a destination for pilgrims and tourists for the years to come. Bibliography Browne, Edith A, Romanesque Architecture (Kessinger Publishing, 2005) Frankl, Paul, Gothic Architecture (Yale University Press, 2000) Groce, Jenae, An Introduction to Gothic Architecture (World Technologies, 2012) Morey, Charles R., The Source of Romanesque Sculpture (College Art Association, 1919)

Preparing a solution of primary standard Essay

Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to to prepare a solution of primary standard of potassium hydrogenphthalate C8H5O4K, which can be used to standardise water-soluble bases such as sodium hydroxide solution. Formula: n= m/M and c= n/V Theory Many common reagents are supplied in an impure state or they can easily pick up moisture from the atmosphere, or may be supplied as concentrated solutions of an uncertain concentration. As a consequence, solutions made from such substances must be stanardised against a substance of known purity. We call them primary standards. Chemicals à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Potassium hydrogenphthalate (C8H5O4K) Apparatus à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ top loading balance (weighing scale) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ weighing bottle à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ volumetric flask Procedure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ We started by weighing 5 g of potassium hydrogenphthalate accurately in a weighing bottle. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I poured the content of the weighing bottle into a beaker and i reweighed the the weighing bottle. I also made sure that no residue of the chemical was left in the weighing bottle. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I added about 100 ml of distilled water to the beaker and stired it until it dissolved the hydrogenphthalate. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I transferred the solution from the beaker to a 250 cm3 voumetric flask. i washed the beaker several times and poured the content into the volumetric flask just to make sure that no residue of the chemical was left in the beaker. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I put in more distilled water in the volumetric flask until the volume was 250 cm3 and mixed it thoroughly. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I labeled my flask with my initials, date and content. Data Weight of weighing bottle and hydrogenphthalate: 5.964 g Volume of solution: 250 cm3 Calculation mass of weighing bottle and content: 5.96 +_ 0.01g mass of weighing bottle: .96 +_ 0.01 g mass of C8H5O4K :uncertainity : 0.01+0.01= +_0.02 molar mass of potassium hydrogen phtalate: 0.01g/mol molar mass of potassium hydrogenphthalate. 204.286 g/mol +_ .2 +_ .089 % mass of weighing bottle and contents, m1 5.964 g +- .001 mass of weighing bottle, m2 0.962 g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+_ .001 mass of potassium hydrogenphthalate m=m1-m2 5.002 g +_ .002 +_ 0.385% amount of potassium hydrogenphthalate, n= m/M 0.024 moles +_0.475% We also know the volume of the solution to be 25 dm3, so putting all these values in the formula. uncetainty for volume: +_ 0.0005% c = n/V so concentration of potassium hydrogenphthalate c= 0.09612 mol/dm3 % uncertainty :0.00012%+0.475%= .47512% Uncertainty/Error Tap water contains chemicals and other impurities and is not suitable for making up solutions so we should always use distilled water for making solution. i have also noted margin of error of different appratus and all calculations have been made keeping in mind the margin of error.

Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes

Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes have been used for a very long time by the government to maintain social order. Although their use is characterized by lack of democracy, autocratic leaderships as well as dictatorial leaderships, the three terms have come to be recognized as international tools of dealing with rogue nations especially when such are applied by the international community through world recognized bodies such as the UN.While boycotts refer to the act of desisting from using a certain product of engaging in relationship with a given organization or individual it may also be applied to individuals such as presidents and political leaders as a means of coercing such to comply with the given code of conduct . Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes as applied to South Africa during the apartheid era were used as tools of suppressing the apartheid rule to recognize the rights of the blacks in South Africa. Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes are only effective if there is internati onal solidarity on the dimension on which they can be applied.For such tools can never be effective if applied in small proportions. Beginning in the late 1960s throughout to the early 1990s the international community put pressure on the apartheid rule in South Africa to recognize the rights of the blacks in South Africa. The successive handover of independence to South Africans can be partly attributed to the effectiveness of the boycotts, sanctions and embargoes. The history of boycotts, sanctions and embargoes can be traced back to the 1700s with colonial boycotts of British trade goods during the colonization of America by the Britains .In the 1800 boycotts were evident and were successfully used as a tool to fight slave trade when different nations such as France, the Balkans and the Americas called for their population to boycott and resist from buying goods or products originating from slave fields . This led to the colonial masters to understand the dissent and dislike of s lave trade as a practice. This amongst other factors can be used to explain the eventual abolishment of slave trade in late 18th century.Boycotts were used by the anti-apartheid movement in two folds, either as a threat or an actual action aimed at eliciting the desired reaction from the apartheid rule to hasten the hand over of independence to South Africa . The pervasive nature of the boycotts made the boycotts to be viewed by the apartheid movement as one of the effective tools in that whenever boycotts were called either from the international community or by the south Africans themselves it would deal a big blow to the smooth functioning of the apartheid government.This was the desired effect on the government given the ability of boycotts to disrupt the normal functioning of government. For instance, the South African apartheid government depended on exports of products such as gold, diamond and uranium and therefore successful boycotts meant that the apartheid government woul d be denied the much-needed income to carry on its governance issues .Boycotts were so effective in South Africa such that they are classified as one of the greatest factors which led to the fall of the apartheid regime considering the fact that South Africa relied on export of its goods to earn foreign exchange. The anti-apartheid in South Africa played a critical role in ensuring that the boycotts received international recognition hence the reason why much of the campaigning was directed towards achieving official state sponsored international support.International anti-apartheid movement as it applied to South Africa was founded on tenets such as the belief in the right of every human being to fundamental right to freedom, self-rule, the right to every state to be independent, the right to recognition and upholding of every people’s culture and beliefs as well as the social and moral responsibility of the international community to fight apartheid irrespective of who prac tices it or who perpetrates it. The above tenets formed the basis for the international anti-apartheid movement and were consequential in the subsequent defeat of apartheid in South Africa.International solidarity is manifested in the ability of nations of the world to join together and advocate for a common goal . In regard to an apartheid movement in South Africa solidarity was demonstrated in sanctions and embargoes enforced by the international community to fight apartheid. In that sense the international community shows the intention to decapitate the legal framework with apartheid rule upholds as a means of sustaining the economic dominance over people.In the case of South Africa the Boers segregated Africa by making sure that the quality of education they received was insufficient to guarantee them good position in the labour market . This greatly relegated the natives to abject poverty in that they were economically not a match to the Boers. Apart from denial of access to ed ucation, the native South Africans were denied equal opportunities even in situations whereby they possessed equal qualifications to those of the whites. In addition, the apartheid rule dictated where the Africans could own property as well as what kind of trade they could conduct.This meant that economically, the Africans were at a disadvantage. At the policy level all policies were biased against the Africans and this meant that it was very hard for them to achieve the economic independence required to wage any meaningful ‘war’ against the mighty white rule. This shows how the Africans were incapable of successfully fighting apartheid on their own. Without international solidarity as demonstrated in the international apartheid movement the native South Africans would not have achieved independence.Where the Africans lacked the economic power to fight apartheid, the international community showed solidarity by enforcing sanctions, which would greatly reduce the whiteâ €™s economic prowess . Pressure from the international community led to the call of boycotts and expulsion of South Africa from participating in the international sporting events . This was too much for the apartheid rule to bear as embargoes such as expulsion from world sporting events and the calls for boycotts of the consumer goods meant that South Africa was slowly drifting away from the international community .Even before the official handover of independence to the South Africans the impact of the international community intervention was evident and by 1985 the apartheid rule started doing away with some apartheid practices such as forced ejections from homes, classification based on colour, as well as the denial of equal opportunities . As the internal resistance waged by the South Africans through their umbrella party ANC sufficed international relations worsened as the sanctions, embargoes and boycotts were unbearable to the apartheid rule.The support from the internat ional community accorded to the native South Africans acted as a morale booster and as a result the native South Africans took the fight against apartheid a note higher as all social groups took to the fight. As a result of international solidarity in calling of the eradication of apartheid in south Africa, the natives regained confidence and the fight against apartheid changed tactics from confrontational needs to more subtle means such as freedom songs, as well as the use of black owned media to produce films which called for the end to apartheid .In the contemporary society international solidarity contributes largely to political struggle. This takes other forms other than embargoes, boycotts and sanctions for instance, international recognition of democratically elected governments. For example, in the present day Somalia, it is the leadership, which gains international support, which enjoys credence and credibility. For instance, the Islam court government could not successful ly lead in Somalia because it lacked the support of the international community.International solidarity calling for the recognition of the democratically elected leadership lead to the ousting of the Islam courts’ led government barely six months after it had seized power from yet another leadership; the tribal led government. The case of Somalia clearly shows that international solidarity can play a role in winning struggles not only the struggle against apartheid but also other struggles against terrorism, colonialism as well as dictatorial regimes.However, there is a need for caution in how the international community plays its role when it comes to intervention in conflict situations. There is evidence that most international actions are informed by the leadership of specific groups as opposed to being informed by the need for impartiality, fairness and the observation of international law. The moment international community degenerates into a tool for certain groups in the struggle, the effectiveness of the international community to fight against oppression of a given people whether in apartheid, colonial or occupation.The international community should base their support on any given group on merit but not other factors such as on the basis of friendship with the leadership of a given struggle movement. The international community has in the past made grave mistakes by supporting struggle leaders who later turned out to be no better than the oppressive powers. This can be clearly demonstrated in the case of leaders who have taken over from dictatorial regimes with the full support of the community only to turn out to be worse than the ousted regimes.For the official leadership of any struggle to receive international support, it must clearly demonstrate its ability to end aggression once it takes power. Such official leadership must have put in place proper mechanism to deal with issues of poor governance, which often lead to difficulties in lea dership once such a struggle movement, takes power. It is therefore paramount that the international community serves the role of a mediator rather than actively being involved in the political activities in any given struggle.Sanctions, boycotts and arms embargoes have been criticized for going in contravention of freedom and autonomy of states especially in cases whereby the sanctions, boycotts and embargoes are imposed on independent sates for reasons ranging from; failure to honor some demands by donors which may not be in the best interest of such nations or in other cases where embargoes, sanctions and boycotts are solely motivated by the need to exert influence over a regime which has fallen out of touch with the wishes of western powers.For instance, the world is currently witnessing a situation whereby there is a tendency by the United States of America to endorse boycotts and sanctions to nations which fail to support it or collaborate with it on fronts such as the war aga inst terrorism. This leads to questions on how appropriate it is for the United States of America and other developed Nations to dictate to independent nations on how they can handle their internal affairs.For example, the sanctions imposed on Iran solely on grounds that, the country is developing weapons of mass destruction are a clear indication of how sanctions, boycotts and embargoes can be imposed at will by the powerful nations to the detriment of militarily and economically weaker nations. This has been a cause of tensions in the Middle East region and it threatens to get worse and spill into an international conflict. Embargoes lead to the suffering of citizens whose country is brought under sanctions.In addition, embargoes, sanctions and boycotts increase vulnerability for such a country to face external attacks if arms embargoes are imposed. The above clearly demonstrate that, in as much as sanctions, embargoes and boycotts are useful in containing the capacity of dictator ial regimes, apartheid regimes and rebel movements, if not well regulated, they can lead to atrocities against the people they are meant to protect or liberate. Where sanctions, embargoes and boycotts are imposed haphazardly, citizens suffer. In addition, the countries under arms embargoes become more vulnerable to attacks.In addition sanctions, arms embargoes, and boycotts can lead to heightened regional and international relations characterized by tensions. There is a need to de-emphasize the use of sanctions and embargoes and concentrate on other methods of intervention in times of crisis. While sanctions, embargoes and boycotts can create an opportunity for abuse of human rights, abuse of independence of states and unnecessary interference in the running of internal affairs of independent countries, other alternatives such as negotiations can work marvelously and cause less undesired effects.In addition, an alternative such as diplomacy is les expensive to implement in the long run. Diplomacy is usually given a wide support by nations of the world compared to sanctions, boycotts and embargoes. For instance, although there are sanctions in place against the current regime in Zimbabwe specifically targeting the leadership of President Robert Mugambe, not every nation in the world supports the measure as some countries like China have gone ahead with healthy trade ties with Robert Mugambe.This clearly indicates that, sanctions are not always ideal and must only be applied selectively as opposed to being applied blatantly. In conclusion, it is clear from the discussion above that international intervention in form of enforcing boycotts, sanctions and embargoes against the apartheid rule in South Africa was effective in the fight and eventual defeat of apartheid. The international campaign, which saw South Africa being banned from participating in international sporting events as well as the calls for boycotts of South African products, was greatly successful a s a tool to fighting apartheid.At the center of the struggle against apartheid was the apartheid movement, which coordinated the anti-apartheid struggle and advocated for the imposition of embargo, sanctions and boycotts. The case of apartheid struggle is a clear demonstration of the power of international solidarity in relation to the politics of a particular struggle and how international solidarity can greatly influence the outcome of the given struggle. Reference Lodge, T. 1983. Black Politics in South Africa since 1945.Johannesburg; Ravan Press. Mandela, N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom. Abacus. Meli, F. 1988. South Africa Belongs to Us: A History of the ANC. London. James Currey. Robert, Innes 2006. A Theory of Consumer Boycotts and a Symmetric Information and Imperfect Competition. Economic Journal. Robert, Innes 2006. A Theory of Consumer Boycotts and a Symmetric Information and Imperfect Competition. Economic Journal. Seagal, R. ed. 1964. Sanctions Against South Africa. Pengui n.

US History Since 1887 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US History Since 1887 - Movie Review Example The melancholy of that time in history is very well filmed by the director with the opening scenes showing ramshackle of houses and dust moving in circles all around. This scene portrays what deteriorated condition of the place was at that time. The story is about the struggles of Okies for bread and butter when their farms were closed by force by banks as the banks were financially collapsing. The movie revolves around the Joads family but the central character in my view in Tom Joad, who is released from prison only to find that his family no more live in their house by the farm. He soon finds them in a relatives place. The Joads are happy to have Tom back and they tell him about their plans to go to California, the land where they think they could find work and start living in a better condition. The Joads are shown to be in high spirits as they load all of their belongings in a truck that is to be driven by Tom. They all load in the truck, Ma Joad, Pa Joad, Grandpa Joad, Grandma Joad, Noah, Muley, Connie and Uncle John. There is no gender bias done by the director as he not only portrays the important role of Tom Joad in moving the family ahead after he returns from jail but the role of Ma Joad is no less emphasized. She is a strong woman from the very start of the movie to the very end of it, having a very deep love for his son Tom in jail; she is shown to have kept track of Tom all the while that he had been in jail. Although she was the one who did not want to go to California as her intuitions were telling her that something is wrong in going there, but her immense support for the family is depicted when she is shown to add a drug to rigid Pas coffee to get him into the truck. She has been shown to be the backbone of the family. As their loaded truck moves through the roads of America, the director has very amazingly depicted the landscape of that time, with houses that are dilapidated and all the farms and land is shown to

Portfolio from Qatar exchange Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Portfolio from Qatar exchange - Assignment Example ty of giving maximum returns, but also include in the investment basket of less risky investment assets, with intent of minimizing the investment loss should one asset suffer poor performance (Daniel et al. 1998). As behavioral scientists suggest, most investors tend to be risk averse and taking this into consideration, I carried out proper analysis of the market before deciding on the best class of assets to invest in. This is done by looking at the historical performance of the desired shares to gain a better understanding and hence forecasting of the possible future performance. In the course of carrying out an investment in the money and capital markets, an investor should be up to date with the market information as it plays a bigger part in determining the equity price movement. Also, in considering investing in the stock market an investor should carry out thorough study of the companies in which he intends to purchase the stocks by paying much attention to its financials, the management and also its future plans. Further, for an investor to realize his investment goal, they should adopt an investment strategy that is consistent with his risk tolerance attitude failure to which a mismatch could otherwise lead to maximum loses. The following set of measurements was conducted to assess the performance of different classes of portfolio. We used these tests to perform Treynor Measure, which helped us decide on the best portfolio select the best portfolio among the six options, which has the lowest risk The best portfolio is one that balance returns with risk. Treynor Measure can be used to measure the success of the successful portfolios, by reviewing both risk and return together. To estimate risk, Treynor Measure takes into consideration the beta coefficient, which measures the volatility of the portfolio to the market (HÃ ¼bner 415). The following formula is used to calculate Treynor Measure: In this case, beta is represented by the standard deviation;

Total Quality Management Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Total Quality Management Master - Case Study Example Given the nature of their responsibilities and the means available to the police department in general, discharge of police functions is found to be more problematic than any other public services. However, it can reasonably be stated that with a proper assessment of the capabilities and readiness TQM can be applied even to the police department to ensure satisfied service to the public. Implementation of TQM in public service departments has always been a difficult and cumbersome process; but the continuing pressures for transparency, accountability and service expectations, TQM requires increased management attention for effecting improvements. Based on the assessment of eight concepts of TQM, this paper critically analyzes the readiness of the Abu Dhabi Police Department for the implementation of TQM approach as part of the strategic planning initiative of the department to improve the performance of the department. Keeping the maintenance of security and stability as the main goal the Abu Dhabi Police General Headquarters has framed its strategic initiatives for excelling in its performance. The strategic priorities include (i) effective controlling of the crime, (ii) increasing the confidence of the community in police and public safety services, (iii) maintaining security and safety in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, (iv) making commuting through the roads safer, (v) improving the performance of the staff of the department by implementing the best international practices and (vi) providing all policing operations with functional support (Abu Dhabi Police Strategic Plan, 2008). The responsibility for improving meeting these strategic priorities and improving the performance has been entrusted with the Strategic Management and Performance Improvement Department reporting directly to the Commander General of Abu Dhabi Police. Unlike many of the other police forces in the world, the aim of Abu Dhabi Police does not stop with achieving peace by reducing crime. The Department embarks upon much deeper and broader concept of performance, which is more visionary in nature. Therefore the objective of Strategic Management and Performance Improvement Department is to transform the Abu Dhabi Policemen from the conventional symbol of watcher and guardian to the a non-traditional image of the comprehensive employee. This calls for a critical assessment of the readiness of the department for implementing a TQM approach so that the Department can contribute more to the maintenance of peace, tradition and justice in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Total Quality Management "Total Quality Management (TQM) is a set of management practices throughout the organization geared to ensure the organization consistently meets or exceeds customer requirements. TQM places strong focus on process measurement and controls as means of continuous improvement." (Free Management Library) In the TQM approach, all members of an organization are expected to participate in improving the processes. TQM also facilitates improvements in products, services and the culture in the working environment (ASQ). Edward Deming has

Comparing Art theory and Art work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparing Art theory and Art work - Essay Example This theory was initiated in the Romantic Movement when the individual was placed as the central point in art. Through this theory, artwork was seen as the unique portrayal of artists’ feelings and emotions. It said that good art is the one which successfully communicates the feelings of the artist with the audience. An artist becomes successful when he is able to express his feelings through his artwork (Knill 46). The theory has its weaknesses and is criticized since the Romantic Era. In today’s world, modern art is defined as a human activity in which one person uses different forms of art to convey his feelings to the others and influence them. This theory is well suited in the abstract art but not much in other forms of art. Somehow this theory restricts the artists to express their feelings and emotions through art rather than following the concept ‘art for art’s sake’ (Knill 56). The expressive theory had cultivated in the Romantic Movement in the late eighteenth century. There are three concepts of expressive theory that are associated with the movement: imagination, genius, and emotion. These three terms are believed by expressionists as key elements in any artwork. They believe that individuality is what makes an artists’ art recognizable and unique (Knill 76). The artist must portray his feelings through the art such as through paintings, music, or poems. The artwork is a platform for every artist to convey his inner feelings to the world. Objectivists argue that expressive theories are rather irrelevant as the artwork must focus on art not the artist. Expressionists continue to argue that an artwork is the complete depiction of the artists’ personality and an artist tends to create what best reflects his feelings (Knill 78). Psychologically also, an artist is able to create what is in his mind and what he truly believes in. This doesn’t only mean emotions and feelings, but also ideas

Seismic action and methods od analysis Dissertation

Seismic action and methods od analysis - Dissertation Example Earthquakes trigger one mode of vibration which is the lowest fundamental mode besides higher modes which take place as a result of tremors. 2.1 Development of Seismic Regulations The Building Seismic Safety Council was put up in 1997 as an affiliate of National Institute of Building Sciences. Its main purpose is to promote safety of the public by providing guidelines to construction, designing, planning, utilization and regulation of buildings. It deals with reduction of risks posed on buildings by earthquakes. The main areas which the Building Seismic Safety Council focuses on are structures, kinds of buildings and related facilities. The Building Seismic Safety Council believes that the level of risks vary and therefore has a versatile approach to seismic safety that considers the risk of each region or community separately. It works together with construction industry, governments, non-governmental organizations and public in general to meet its objectives (Housner, 1990). It adv ocates for earthquake risk reduction measures to be adopted by organizations and institutions. The Building Seismic Safety Council main goals are; to catalyse development of seismic safety, promote use of appropriate seismic voluntary standards, assess implementation of recommendations and find out opportunities for improving regulations on seismic safety. 2.2 Design Seimic Actions Earthquake is a great disaster to lives and economy and there is need for design of buildings and structures which are resistant to seismic actions. The effect of an earthquake can be enormous to the extent that a region may not be able to help itself. Collaboration between architect and engineers in the foundational planning will help bring out an expertise to improve safety. There is lack of structural undertakings to curb seismic hazards in the world. The design of new buildings must be able to significantly counter earthquakes. Most current buildings lack resistance and others even have more vulnerabi lity to earthquakes. 2.2.1 Seismic Zones of Seismicity of Greece Greece experience earthquakes regularly although they are mild and therefore do not cause significant damage. It is an active region with small earthquakes annually. This has made builders in Greece to develop structures that are safe during earthquakes. The neighboring Turkey has less-strict building regulations and small earthquakes normally cause them large damages. Greece faces potential earthquakes from active volcanoes such as Nysiros Volcano. Most of Greece islands also have fault lines align in different directions. Most of Greek earthquakes originate from under seas which shake the surrounding islands. In 1999, the Athens Earthquake affected its outskirts and people killed, others displaced and buildings collapsed. Ancient Greece also faced earthquakes majorly caused by volcanoes (NATO ADVANCED RESEARCH WORKSHOP ON EARTHQUAKE MONITORING AND SEISMIC HAZARD MITIGATION IN BALKAN COUNTRIES & HUSEBYE, 2008). This i ncluded the Eruption of Thira and Earthquake of 365. 2.2.2 Ground Seismic Acceleration Seismic waves move in the ground causing vibration of the crust. This energy causing vibration is continually transmitted anything that is attached to the ground including buildings and structures. The structures are damaged since they resist making sudden change because of their inertial forces. The rate of move of speed of seismic waves on the ground is dependent on some factors. These include; the type

Situation Analysis, Target Market Identification Report Essay

Situation Analysis, Target Market Identification Report - Essay Example This makes them feel more masculine. This report undertakes a comprehensive study of marketing analysis of the luxury wrist watch line of products. It will provide an opportunity to study client’s psychographic needs. This is very vital information as it provides an opportunity for Swatch Group to develop a plan for satisfying customer’s unique needs. A comprehensive analysis report gives information about challenges and opportunities in this market that can be explored by Swatch Group, through its Omega brand, to increase Ladymatic’s market presence. This also helps the company make adjustments on short and long term marketing initiatives and other promotional activities to ensure company resources are utilized in the most cost effective manner. Introduction Ladymatic wrist watch was first released to the market in 1955. Its sales has had a steady growth through the years; only affected by economic slumps experienced in 1970 and 2008. Increased income levels mea nt a higher chunk of its market could afford acquiring this high end device. It was Omega Company’s first brand of self-winding devices for the modern lady; it is also small and light hence the wearer can easily move around having it on. Its design was revolutionized after Swatch Group acquired Omega brand in the late 20th century. Continuous development of this brand as the company responds to consumer needs has led to improved sales. In 2010, the original design was improved by giving it a chic feel to make it more feminine. It was also fitted with a new hand movement with a co-axial escapement. The findings of a market evaluation were that there are several other company brands that pose as a challenge to Omega Ladymatic’s penetration to other markets; at the same time, they are capable of eating into its market. These brands include: Chopard, Citizen, Rolex and Guess. Market intelligence This is developed using three main sources of information: conducting a scruti ny of the company’s internal records and other external sources of information to establish a linkage between marketing initiatives and overall brand performance. Secondly, having a study on market intelligence gives information on changes and developments within the market in terms of consumer tastes and preferences that aid Omega managers plan their marketing drives. Lastly, marketing research is conducted to monitor problems and opportunities within the marketplace; this helps in improving performance after having an understanding of its characteristics. Swatch Group and other major wrist watch manufacturers have weak distribution networks which hinders penetration to new markets. This is according to information received from clients through customer service reports complaining about late deliveries. Market penetration is difficult for smaller manufacturers due to minimal capital might. Huge investment in distribution is needed to attract the right expertise and conduct m arket surveys for a particular market. This however forms a good competitive advantage for bigger industry players like Swatch Group whose Omega brand has remained big on the global scene. The returns on investment (ROI) realised so far has improved its capital base substantially. 1.0 Situational analysis/Current Marketing Mix This gives a brief on both market analysis and

Consumer Credit Act 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Consumer Credit Act 2006 - Essay Example The Office of Fair Trading has been given powers of superintendence over the activities and licensing of the lenders and others involved in allied activities. The lenders have also been given the relief of approaching the court for enforcing improperly executed agreement without procedural formalities having been complied with. Overall the Consumer Credit Act 2006 is a fair measure to both parties concerned and in no way appears to give consumers any undue advantage over the creditors. Consumer Credit Act 2006 is an amendment act of Consumer Credit Act of 1974 having a long history. The amendment was necessitated to provide for certain reforms in consumer credits and consumer hire agreement along with exemptions. Besides, it seeks licensing of all the related activities, empowering debtors to act against unfair relationship with the creditors and creation of an Ombudsman scheme to reddressal for complaints under the 1974 Act as amended up to date. This paper seeks to enquire whether the amendment act of 2006 is going too far to protect the consumers against the creditors and suppliers. Hence principles of Consumer Credit Act 2006 will be examined and whether the act gives too much leverage to the consumers who are the debtors to the detriment of creditors and suppliers. Literature review is a part of methodology of qualitative research. ... Hence principles of Consumer Credit Act 2006 will be examined and whether the act gives too much leverage to the consumers who are the debtors to the detriment of creditors and suppliers. Chapter 2 .Literature Review Literature review is a part of methodology of qualitative research. It forms the secondary data required for the research. The aim of the present study will be largely facilitated by review of literature on the subject chosen for the research; that is whether consumer credit act of 2006 has gone too far in pampering the consumers/debtors with too many privileges to the disadvantage of the suppliers/creditors. Background Expananotory note to the act of 2006 state that Government mooted in 2001 review of the 1974 Act through consultations with the interested parties on the impact of the then existing rules regarding information disclosure, premature settlement, unfair credit transactions, licensing of consumer credit agencies, financial limits beyond the coverage of 1974 Act and consumer reddressal mechanism. Following this, a white paper was published in December 2003 captioned "Fair, Clear and Competitive - The Consumer Credit Market in the 21st Century". At the time Government had been seized of the problem of over-indebtedness and trying to find solution to it by consultations with the industry, representatives of the consumers and advisers, as a sequel to which Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Department for Work and Pensions jointly brought out paper entitled "Tackling Over-Indebtedness- Action Plan 2004". The major issues encompassed by the 2006 Act are 1) how consumer credit agreemen ts and consumer hire

The Red Tsar of all Russia Essay Example for Free

The Red Tsar of all Russia Essay Introduction There is no doubt that Josef Stalin represents the ultimate figure of paradox in the world of communism, as this man of steel was early on concurred as the safe gray blur yet later acknowledged as the Red Tsar of all Russia. How did this pedestrian man, who was illustrated by Leon Trotsky himself as the most eminent mediocrity 1 rise to develop into the epithet, the Red Tsar of all Russia? The multifaceted and ironic process of his ascension to supremacy defines Stalin as an exceptional phenomenon. His rise to the top is remarkable on the grounds that Stalin was neither a philosopher nor a cogent orator, but managed to administer his way to the top. Many maintain that his rise was a combination of political genius and sheer luck. But when we examine the factors of luck, it can be clearly seen that it was due to this dynamic that Stalin was able to rise to the top. Without the factor of luck as an underlying basis to his accomplishment in succeeding Lenin, Stalin would not have been able to use his abilities and skills to rise to the top in any case. The perplexities of Stalins rise can be narrowed to an inquiry of manageable proportions; from investigating the luck he experienced in securing his grip on the USSR and the extent of his political genius. The foundations of Stalins triumph which were laid before Lenins death played into his hands, including the luck considerations that embrace the nature of the State, the death of Lenin and another key figure, new policies from which Stalin benefited and Stalins nature and skill considerations as an opportunistic politician armed with political and economical pragmatism, correct timing, building of alliances of convenience and manipulation of political resources and available supporting state of affairs. III. Background Information Stalin, born Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili in 1879 in Georgia, had Slavic, humble beginnings. In 1912 Djugashvili became a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and changed his name to his famous pseudonym, Josef Stalin, meaning man of steel. Lenin had been impressed by Stalins organizing ability and blind loyalty, describing him as that wonderful Georgian. 2 Stalin played relatively minor roles in the October Revolution and an inconspicuous part in the Civil War.3 After the Bolsheviks secured their position in Russia, Stalins non-Russian background proved invaluable, landing him the post Commissar of Nationalities. From there he became the Liaison Officer between the Politburo and Orgburo and Head of the Workers and Peasants Inspectorate in 1919, and General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922 until he became the Lenin of his day according to his official biography. 4 Stalins posts enabled him to know by heart the works of the government and personnel, record Party policy, build up personal files on all members of the Party and appoint supporters and later purge his rivals.5 Lenin died in 1924, at the time Stalin was forty five. At that juncture, Stalin was not in the lead to succeed Lenin. He was considered as less of a threat than Trotsky, who was thought of as a Bonapartist threat who would, if given Lenins preeminence, commence a military dictatorship. This led to the alliance between Zinoviev, Trotsky and Stalin that was finalized in the form of a triumvirate in order to marginalize Trotsky by blocking his policies, defeating his debates and preventing his advance.6 By pursuing their policy of Socialism in One Country which was based upon the more Leninist approach of the continuation of the NEP in order for the USSR to first focus on the USSRs problems then build a modern state, the triumvirs were able to outmaneuver Trotskys radical Perma nent Revolution which believed in the export of revolution to achieve true revolutionary socialism. 7 Then between the years 1925-1927, Stalins conflict with Zinoviev and Kamanev led to their assembling of a New Opposition with Trotsky whom they now considered as a lesser threat. Opportunistic Stalin simply aligned himself with the Partys rightists Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky. The alliance accordingly secured the expulsion of the New Opposition members. Yet in 1929, the Rightists were in turn attacked, when Stalin removed his them, proving himself as the consummate player in this political chess game of power manipulation. 8 IV.A. Luck: The Nature of the infant Bolshevik State Unintentionally, the Party had assisted Stalin in assuming supremacy. When Lenin and the Bolsheviks assumed total control of Russia after the 1917 Revolution, they realized that they were not a traditional form of Russian government; they were unskilled and untrained in matters concerning government due to the fact that all their original efforts and actions were inclined towards just pure revolution. When all other forms of government could count upon precedent or tradition as a guide to governing their countries, Lenins Party faced the fact that their revolutionary government did not possess such advantages. Additionally the highly radical degree of the Russian Revolution was a first in history, assuring the chastity of the Bolsheviks in matters of government. This was much supported by the growth of bureaucratism in the Party, whereupon traditional Tsarist practices were becoming standard procedure in the USSR to which Lenin himself had opposed strongly. The Party had no policies in the beginning, thus the Bolsheviks touched and felt their way through, which created opportunities for individual advancement. Stalins rise would have been obvious in other traditional forms of government and because of this, perhaps even deterred.9 IV.B. Luck: The Nature of Josef Stalin Another fortunate factor that enabled the Party to believe that Stalin was the safer alternative was the general perception of him at that time, as he was Slavic in origin and was isolated from the outside world, speaking no other language than Russian and having no contact with European culture. This proved advantageous when Trotskys Permanent Revolution failed, as seen, for instance, in the short-lived Hungarian Bela Kun regime. This boosted Stalins nationalistic and Leninist Communism in One Country program, proclaiming that Russia needed to first overcome their agricultural and industrial problems unaided, and by doing so he won the most favor as his pure Russian origins comfortably assured the Russian people. IV.C. Luck: The Death of Yakov Sverdlov (1919) One of the decidedly significant pillars of Stalins successful rise to power is the death of Yakov Sverdlov, a highly respected influential Bolshevik who continually supported Lenin and developed a reputation as one of the Partys most excellent orators. Sverdlov was reputed as one of the supporting pillars of the armed uprising of October. Sverdlovs role proved significant in the Party as he persuaded leading Bolshevik figures to put down the lid on both the Constituent Assembly and to sign the Brest-Litovsk Treaty despite its controversial nature. Despite his young age, Sverdlov was expected to be Lenins choice as the partys next leader. 10 This was most almost certainly due to his nature as an influential Bolshevik whom Lenin had laid his trust upon to the extent that Lenin had an eye for Sverdlov in promoting him as the next General Secretary. Yet Yakov Sverdlov died aged thirty-three in March 1919. Had Sverdlov not died in 1919, Stalin would not have stood a chance to become General Secretary, a highly significant post in which Stalin exploited and manipulated to gain supporters and purge his rivals.11 IV.D Luck: The 1921 Ban upon Factionalism Policy One luck aspect that was in Stalins favor was the 1921 ban upon factionalism, a policy issued by Lenin in order to ban organized factions at the Tenth Party Congress which sprung up due to the Partys squabbling over the perplexities over the civil war, revival of capitalism through the issuing of the NEP and the shock of the Kronstadt rising. 12 When scratching beneath the surface of this action, we can see that this frustration over criticism inevitably meant that any form of criticism towards the party was extremely condemned, furthermore suppressed. This is definitely a noteworthy luck element in Stalins rise to power as this issue provided him with the means to readily resist challenges to his criticism-inviting authority. IV.E Luck: The 1923-1925 Lenin Enrolment Another luck factor that played into Stalins hands was the Lenin Enrolment, a recruitment campaign made to increase the number of true proletarians in the Party.13 Whereas at the Tenth Congress the Party had only 732,000 members, by 1930 this had grown nearly to a million members.14 As supervisor for the enrolment in the years 1923 to 1925, Stalin purged members that were potentially hazardous to his campaign. With his power of patronage, Stalin admitted workers at the bench, ill-educated people who were less ideologically aware of their beliefs and surroundings. New proletarian party members favored and supported the more down-to-earth Stalin who spoke their language with practical and understandable directives rather than his scholarly comrades. 15 What was impressed on the new members was that that blind loyalty and absolute obedience was required to achieve privileges. This was inclined to come from loyalty to those who had first admitted them into their appointed positions, and in that case, General Secretary Stalin. E.H Carr described this as being a change from the elite party of Lenin to the mass party of Stalin. 16 With this knowledge, Stalin was able to control the current of support in the Party; carefully choosing new members that he was aware would support him. IV.F Luck: Stalin versus Lenin, Lenins Death (1924) the Failure of Demoting Stalin Another fact that can be counted as luck involves the certainty that Stalin would have been demoted on the basis that he had proved himself a power-exploiting danger to Lenin himself due to his criticism-inviting actions. Stalin, whom Lenin had previously respected aroused Lenins distrust which led to a conflict between the two. Lenin allegedly believed that Stalin was as responsible as anyone for the bureaucratic existence of traditional Tsarist elements in the Partys standard procedures. 17 When in 1922 Stalin supported the idea of independence of Transcaucasian Georgia, his homeland, that sought to become an autonomous republic, Stalin was in fact dismissive and discourteous towards his national spokesmen to the extent that Lenin himself was obliged to intervene to resolve the situation and even sided with the injured party of the Georgians, when in fact as the Commissar for Nationalities Stalin was essentially responsible for relationships with local bodies within Russia. Exacerbating his head-to-head clash with Lenin, Lenin dictated a letter to Stalin warning that he would break off relations if he did not apologize to his wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya, whom he had personally insulted, calling her a syphilitic whore for allowing Lenin to write a letter to Trotsky four days after the Central Committee placed Stalin in charge of Lenins health. 18 Stalins actions could lead us to a perception that Stalin did want power badly and that he did have tendencies of rebellion despite being referred to a pedestrian. However, again luck seemed to favor Stalin. If Lenin had not been ill and died in 1924, Stalin could have been relieved of his post, absolutely ruling out any possibility to his rising up to power. The failure of reading out Lenins Testament a year before Lenins death in 1923 as he had requested and its neutralization after his death in 1924 definitely played a significant role in the failure of having Stalin removed from his post. Concerned of what might happen after his death, Lenin wrote a Testament in which he acknowledged the strengths and weaknesses of Central Committee members. Reflecting back on Stalins policies towards national groups, most significantly Georgia, Lenin was clearly concerned over the power that was currently in Stalins hands and how he had the potential to misuse his power, 19 Lenins codicil unquestionably proved his concern over Stalin which reached it paramount point just previous to his death, by requesting that Stalin to be removed from his post and to be replaced by appointing another man in his stead who in all other respects differs from comrade Stalinmore tolerant, loyal, polite and more considerate to the comrades, less capricious etc 20 This w as a definite deterrent to achieving supremacy for Stalin. Yet Lenin was not able to convey publicly his final thoughts before his death due to his illness that restricted him from taking active part in Bolshevik politics. The too-damning nature of the harsh criticisms of major Party personalities contained in Lenins Testament consequently kept his wishes held in reserve until the following Congress in the following year. Furthermore, Lenins Testament was also neutralized by Kamanev and Zinoviev; cleared of elements that would uplift Trotskys name in order to prevent Trotsky, personally Lenins most capable man in the Party, 21 from rising to power. Another error that Lenin made before his death is that he did not officially hand down his position to anyone of his comrades, thus a game of tug of war for supremacy was quickly commenced right after his death in 1924. With these elements combined, emphasizing the shelving of Lenins Testament until after his death, not publicizing it and its neutralization positively played a noteworthy role in the failure of conducting the supposed act of removing Stalin of his post as had been firmly requested by Lenin in his addendum. IV.G Luck: The Attitude Towards Trotsky and his Errors The negative attitude towards Trotsky, the most likely successor of Lenin again proved as one of the facets of luck on Stalins side. Trotsky was known as the most significant and likely successor of Lenin. Nevertheless his comrades thought of him otherwise; Trotsky was considered as a Bonapartist threat largely due to his behavior in which he had built the successful Red Army during the period of the Russian Civil War of 1918 and 1921. Trotsky was also a Jew in a society of deeply engrained anti-Semitism, essentially undermining Trotskys image. Trotsky was also known as a man of complex personality, famous for his excessive self-assurance, as mentioned by Lenin himself in his Testament. At times he also suffered diffidence and lack of judgment, especially in the error of turning down Lenins offer of putting Stalin as deputy chairman of the Sovnarkom thus gaining for himself the most senior and second-in-command after Lenin in 1922. 22 Had he accepted the position, he could have undermined Stalins rise to power through his authority. Another serious error that Trotsky made was that he handed over Lenins notes to the Politburo at the beginning of the struggle, thus leaving himself left with no documentary proof of Lenins growing opposition to Stalins actions. To the advantage of Stalin, Trotskys errors, miscalculations and origins further weakened his already suppressed position in the Party and society, therefore increasing Stalins chances of rising. V.A Introduction to Stalin and his Skills As it is too simplistic to ponder upon luck alone as the driving force of Stalins rise, one must acknowledge Stalins skills as a brilliant politician and his own nature that provided him with the means of assuming power. Stalin was originally a pedestrian, the eminent mediocrity as referred by Trotsky. A significant quality that Stalin possessed was that he had dogged perseverance and willingness to undertake and endure the laborious work demanded by his posts. 23 By managing to stay patiently in the background, Stalin used his timing skills waited for when the time was opportune after Lenins death to strike out his opponents, as of when he outmaneuvered the Partys Left and with his skill to form alliances, such as the Triumvirate which marginalized Trotsky, then afterwards the Duumvirate with the Right to oust the Left. V.B Skill: Stalin as General Secretary of the Bolshevik Party (1922-1929) As a part of Stalins own adroit nature, he took advantage of his position as General Secretary which controlled the passage of business in the Politburo and the appointment of people to positions in the Party. Stalin could even manipulate the membership of the Party itself. 24 Stalins supporters were given the incentive of filling vacancies of those moved above them, usually his rivals. 25 Furthermore Stalins position enabled him to appoint supporters to the Orgburo and the Secretariat, which had power over local bodies. Hence Stalins appointees developed a sense of gratitude and obligation to Stalin, and through this he gained strong influence over the regional party apparatus that led to control over delegate selection for the annual Party Congress. Therefore one of the skill aspects of Stalins eventual victory also lay in the influence he had over the Partys personnel. V.C Skill: Stalin as the Orator at Lenins Funeral in 1924 and Active Support of Leninism As the orator at Lenins funeral, Stalin used his manipulating skills to assure the public that he was the right successor of Lenin by presenting himself as Lenins disciple, not equal. Although many others sought to define Leninism, Stalin made the first move by delivering a remarkable speech at Lenins funeral, for whoever was perceived to be the best Leninist would be the one best placed to inherit Lenins authority. 26 Stalin even set out to define Leninism through six lectures about the foundations of Leninism. Historian Martin McCauley, author of Stalin and Stalinism, states that Stalins uninterested attitude to ideology was utilitarian, whereupon Stalins incursion into ideologyserved two purposes: to provide a simple, accessible exegesis of Marxism-Leninism, and to outmaneuver his opponents. McCauleys book proves to be a reliable source as it has hardly any presence of bias, as the given arguments are based on facts. The high credibility and value of this book can be judged when evaluating its abundance of critical assessments, new brought up issues, and detailed information. Yet a limitation is found in this book on the basis that the information given of Stalins rise to power was not adequately provided, as the bulk of the book itself mainly focuses on the Stalin years and not his journey to the top. Hence by skillfully presenting himself as the continuer of Lenin, Stalin gained unimpeachable authority by implying to the public that he was the right successor. V.D Skill: Stalin Takes Advantage of the Attitude Towards Trotsky: Permanent Revolution versus Socialism in One Country Furthermore in respect to Stalins skills, Stalin cleverly took advantage of the attitude towards Trotsky as well by constantly reminding the Party of Trotskys Menshevik past and pointing out the flaws in his so-called anti Lenin ideas, especially that of the Permanent Revolution. Under this banner, Stalin placed Trotsky as an enemy of the Soviet Union as Stalins Socialism in One Country was of a more Leninist, nationalist approach. This proves that Stalin had the ability to rally support and silence opponents at critical moments by taking on the role of the Great Russian patriot intent on saving the nation from its internal and external enemies. 27 V.E Skill: Stalins Economic and Political Pragmatism Another variable that contributed to Stalins rise in respect to his skills was Stalins economic and political pragmatism that enabled him to outmaneuver the Left and Right while always staying with the majority in the Politburo. After having Trotsky removed from his position, Stalin drastically changed his Socialism in One Country policy to a Trotskyist repressive collectivization and industrialization program to solve local-level problems. Alan Todd, author of The European Dictatorships: Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini, argues that It can be said that Stalins policies were consistent and also in tune with the majority of the party membership, who desired stability most of all. Alan Todds book proves to be a credible and valuable source of historical information for there is hardly any presence of bias in his writing as many arguments are based on facts that are evaluated by gathering assessments from various historians. The lack of bias definitely proves the source reliable. It is hard to find any limitations to this useful historical source for Alan Todd balanced opinion and fact in chronological order showing how Leninism eroded into Stalinism, then evaluating it based on historians arguments. As Stalins last deterrent to supremacy laid in the figure of the Rightists after he had outmaneuvered the Left with the Duumvirate, Stalin began attacking his fellow Duumvirate Rightists by abandoning Bukharins economic policy that agreed the continuum of the NEP using the argument that the policy had failed and industrialization must take precedence over agriculture. 28 Fearful of creating factionalism, the rightists hoped to win the Party without creating deep divisions. Yet Stalin portrayed the Rights as a dangerous clique by manipulating the Rights supporters who were largely responsible for drafting and distributing Party information. 29 Stalin progressively and politically crushed the Rights, pragmatically securing his position as leader by sending two Politburo members to undertake purges in the trade unions, the Rights only remaining power base, and to purge local Party members. 30 VI. Conclusion It seems that it was to a large extent that Bukharin was right about Stalin being the New Genghis Khan. Stalins school of falsification 31 ensued after and even before his succeeding Lenin through dynamics that played into his hands and that were controlled by him. One may argue that there should not be any questions about whether Stalins rise to power was based on luck or skill. Yet it is comprehensible that Stalins mixture of luck and skill along with both planning and opportunity produced inevitable results: power that was left for him to take over. Luck and skill inform each other to such a degree, that, on the basis of its contributions to Stalins rise to power, they cannot be separated. But when examining the relative importance of luck and skill, it can be concluded that luck was most significant as it provided Stalin with the grounds and basis for him to rise. Another may argue that Stalins rise to supreme authority was purely on the basis of his skills, maintaining that without the skills Stalin exercised, he would not have been promoted to his posts through which he manipulated central organs of the Party that eventually crowned him with triumph. However, considering many crucial factors that were based purely on luck, such as those of the death of Lenin that saved Stalin from a certain demotion and Yakov Sverdlovs death in 1919 which placed Stalin in the chair of General Secretary, an essential position which we can refer to as the ultimate catalyst to Stalins triumph, we may argue that without these essential luck factors, Stalin would not have had the chance to use his adroit aptitudes to manipulate his way to the top. Hence in reality Stalin did prove to be the consummate player in the game of politics, along the way verified himself to be the cleverer politician by outmaneuvering his rivals through the use of many unintentional read ily available resources provided by the Party and by exploitation of his rivals miscalculations which made him look positive and constructive while making his opponents look negative and destructive. Despite the findings, a new issue could be raised regarding Stalins head on clash with Lenin that led to the request of Stalin to be removed of his post, why did the grey blur clash with his leader? Couldnt he have acted as the obedient cohort and wait for the wounded lion to die before challenging some of his views? 32 Does this prove that Stalin had tendencies of rebellion, fighting to justify his beliefs despite considerable political risks? Nonetheless, Josef Stalin was a lucky inheritor, ascribing luck as the basis of his rise. So many if onlys could have saved Russia from the so-called grey blur, whom, with the aid of time, would be referred paradoxically as the Red Tsar of Russia. VII. Bibliography 1. Thomas, David and Mcandrew, Mark. Russia Soviet Union 1917-1945. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2. Marcombe, Margot and Fielding, Mark. Spirit of Change: Russia in Revolution. Australia: McGraw Hill, 1998. 3. Todd, Allan. The European Dictatorships: Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 4. Lynch Michael. Stalin and Khrushchev: The USSR 1924-1964. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2001. 5. McCauley, Martin. Stalin and Stalinism. Essex, England: Longman, 1995. 6. Yakov Sverdlov. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSsverdlov.htm Accessed: 10-02-04. 1 Lee, Stephen .J. Stalin and the Soviet Union. London: Routledge, 1999. p. 3. 2 Lynch, Michael. Stalin and Khrushchev: The USSR 1924-1964. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2001., p.8-9. 3 Lee, p. 1. 4 Lee, p. 13. 5 Pauley, Bruce. F. Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century. Wheeling, Illinois, U.S.A: Harlan Davidson, 1997. p. 20. 6 Marcombe, Margot and Fielding, Mark. Spirit of Change: Russia in Revolution. Australia: McGraw Hill, 1998. p. 178. 7 Lynch, p. 2. 8 Lee, p.1-2.. 9 Lych, p. 11. 10 Yakov Sverdlov. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSsverdlov.htm. Accessed: 10/02/04. 11 Todd, Allan. The European Dictatorships: Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 21. 12 Todd, Allan, p. 36. 13 Lych, p. 13. 14 Lych, p. 13. 15 Thomas McAndrew, p. 126. 16 Lych, p. 13 17 McCauley, p.14. 18 McCauley, p.14. 19 Marcombe Fielding, p. 177. 20 Marcombe Fielding, p. 177. 21 Thomas McAndrew, p. 123. 22 Lych, p. 15. 23 Lych, p. 11. 24 Thomas McAndrew, p. 123. 25 Lee, p. 4. 26 Thomas McAndrew, p. 126. 27 Lych, p. 22. 28 Thomas McAndrew, p. 124. 29 Stalins Rise to Power, p. 26. 30 Stalins Rise to Power, p. 26. 31 Todd, p. 58. 32 McCauley, p. 14.

Native American Essay Example for Free

Native American Essay â€Å"During the second half of the 19th century, the United States Government took all appropriate actions to maintain peace with Native American tribes. Furthermore the United States was justified in its aggressive measures used to seize land from unruly Native American tribes during the era. † There little validity in this statement. During this time period American troops were interloping on Native American territory, starting violence, and forcing them out of their homes. The hostility of American Soldiers toward these people led to several tragedies, such as the Sand Creek Massacre, The Battle of Little Bighorn, and The Battle at Wounded Knee. It can be observed that the United States was clearly not, in any way, shape, or form, attempting to maintain peace. Insensitivities on behalf of the United States led to several tragedies, the Sand Creek Massacre being a major event. On November 29, 1864, General John Chivington ordered troops to attack Chief Black Kettle and his people, after the chief and his people did everything in their power to keep peace between the opposing sides. To top it all off, most of the warriors in this tribe were off hunting buffalo, and the tribe was left undefended. Between seventy and eighty Natives were killed. The fighting didn’t end there. Several years later, on December 29, 1890, a great disaster occurred at nearby Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota. James W. Forsyth and his men massacred the people of Chief Spotted Elk. Around 300 casualties were suffered. The Natives, however, hadn’t always suffered such devastating losses. Between the Sand Creek Massacre and Wounded Knee, at the Battle of Little Bighorn, Colonel George Custer was one of the leaders of the American soldiers who attacked Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, and their people. On June 25-26, 1876, American Soldiers fought the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, suffering a severe loss. Although it may seem as though the Native Americans were ruthless savages, this proves how persistent they were and their ability to overcome. The persistence of these people was also proven by a single man. In 1876, the United States Government was beginning to force Chiricahua from their reservation in New Mexico. A man named Geronimo fueled the fire of the Native Americans against the American forces. Over a period of ten years, Geronimo aided his people in many raids on white settlements, to prove their unwillingness to leave their home. Geronimo may have surrendered, but his bravery Although many may view these as acts of violence, in reality, US Soldiers were no better. The slaughter and removal of hundreds of Native Americans caused them to react in such a violent way. In other words, America brought this upon itself. The Dawes Act was a set of laws enacted to assist Native Americans in their land disputes with American settlers. These laws gave the president the right to survey Indian land and distribute it to individual Natives. The Dawes Act was detrimental to Native Americans because those who weren’t awarded land became homeless, unlike the previous tribal community they had lived in, where every person had shelter, but no single person owned the land. The president also had the right to purchase land he had allotted to be used for white settlers. Assimilation also played a large role in whether Natives would be forced out of their homes. If the Natives would â€Å"Americanize† (so to speak) everything about their lifestyle, they would be permitted to stay on US soil. In conclusion, it can be observed that Native Americans were truly the victim in this situation. They were slaughtered mercilessly, forced out of their homes, made to change their lifestyles, and even considered to be the cause of the violence. Any person who claims Native Americans during this time period as savage murderers would be completely incorrect. These people were merely reacting out of defense and retaliation for what Americans had done to them. Americans frequently like to believe that the US is always justified in what they are doing; they are always the good guy. In this case Americans stooped to a low level to suggest that Indians were to blame for the violence.

Impact of Misleading Media

Impact of Misleading Media Misleading media is one of the major problems in many countries which had been discussed by many people to try and decide what are the reasons and the effects of this enormous problem on the society. No one can deny that the media contributes to the formation of the ideas of the nation, and this helps to improve the country and urges the nation to progress and develop, or it can lead to either corruption, misleading and wash brain which destroys the countrys rules and makes youth and people un aware from the truth. Misleading media has many causes as the absence of ethics, governmental rules on freedom of media and power distribution which has many effects like corruption, money laundry, unawareness and ignorance. One of the main causes of misleading media especially in Egypt is the absence of ethics and morality and the search for only one purpose which is profit. It can be in many ways starting from taking half truths and changing it by any means necessary to full lies. The media tends to report rumors, speculations, and projections as facts How does the media do this? (London, January 1993). In addition to the new fashion of using bad words in media which made the society to lose their morality and ethics. People in the street all they do is calling each other with bad words with no shame or regret that started to be so rude and disgusting and lost their way of civilization. Also they started talking about adult issues in most of the channels without even considering who is watching them even if they were children all they care about is a lot of watchers whether they approve of that or not. This enormous problem started to make people ignorant, un civilized and wash brained. The society is failing and most people disagree with such media that cannot respect morals and ethics but media only cares for many viewers to gain money that made people also lose their respect to each other and started misleading each other to gain profit and power but also the increase of corruption which lead to many evil deeds as money laundry and the spread gangs which lead to the spread of turbulence.Journalists’ corruption and lack of professionalism in the Egyptian press were highlighted in several academic studies. (El-Nawawy, spring 2014). From the main causes of misleading media in Egypt is absence of governmental rules on media as even government is ignorant that every freedom must have laws to remind people to not cross others lines of freedom and government is leaving media without rules. No rules on the right language to be spoken in news, television shows and newspapers. Even there is no rules to make some issues and subjects to be watched only by adults. In addition to the absence of laws that define the lines that media cannot cross whether someones personal life from acting stars to even politicians or issues that cannot be discussed at all without interfering with the media freedom. Also government should make sure that every news said is a full true without converting words or changing truth or even talking half truths which is the same as a lie. This lead to many huge problems as media started to make their own news not real or truthful one and started to talk on television shows about very un appropriate i ssues whether for adults only or issues that must be studied first and gain information about well before talking about it which make Egypt look like ignorant people with no knowledge which makes educated people feel terrible for their ignorant country. All of us who professionally use the mass media are the shapers of society. We can vulgarize that society. We can brutalize it. Or we can help lift it onto a higher level. (Alexander, 2014). Misleading media is a problem that has many causes but the need for power and its distribution is one of the main causes of it. Many greedy rich corrupted politicians or even private organizations focus on using media for their need of power by many ways starting by spreading lies in the news and talking half truths against their enemies and using it against them. Also the need it to all the time especially to justify sometimes any problems the face against breaking laws and problems to wash brain and spread ignorance for their profit and power only without caring about laws or the development of the society and its effects on the people from injustice and ignorance. They use media for money laundry and corruption to gain their needs and only theirs. The medias the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and thats power. Because they control the minds of the masses. (London, January 1993). This effects the societ y and its progress by failure and spread of oppression, poverty, ignorance and corruption. This breaks the laws and defies human ethics and morality which is taught in every religion. Because the best succinct definition of power is the ability to get others to do what one wants. (Entman, 2007). The medias power is frail. Without the peoples support, it can be shut off with the ease of turning a light switch. (Alexander, 2014). Misleading media have been a major problem in Egypt which have many causes. Media lost their principles and respect of the morality and ethics of the society and started to focus only on gaining profit form made up stories because of the absence of the governmental rules and laws that make them does not interfere with peoples personal lives and protect their privacies. In addition to the help of the greedy corporations and politicians that make use of media as their toy for washing the brains of the people and controlling them to gain what they need without caring about the society which is a power that cannot be stopped. This terrible problem lead to many horrible effects on the society and the people from the spread of loss of ethics and morals between people and the spread of corruption , money laundry and gangs which made the countrys future rough on the next generations that lost the meanings of civilizations and the spread of ignorance, deterioration and injustice. Medias misleading way should be stopped and treated with to solve this problem or this media will destroy our society. References: Alexander, A. (2014). Role of the media . Journal of Communication . El-Nawawy, M. (spring 2014). One country two eras. Global Media journal . Entman, R. (2007). Meida in the distribution of power. Journal of communication . London, S. (January 1993). How the media frames issues.

Overpopulation and Environmental Degradation Essay example -- Explorat

Overpopulation and Environmental Degradation At the time of the agricultural revolution, nearly ten thousand years ago, the population of the globe was no more than ten million. Today the world population is estimated at over six billion. In the last hundred years the population has more than tripled. With the population rising at an enormous rate of 1.7 million a week, the world as a whole is being drained of its resources. (Southwick, 1996) Different theories have prevailed on what will occur as the population continues to explode ranging from the Malthusian apocalypse to absolutely no effects at all. Over the last two centuries as agricultural and technological advancements came about, the planet's overall carrying capacity increased dramatically. It is estimated that the world could support over twenty times its current population living at 120 per square meter in 2000-story buildings. (Dolan, 1974) Overpopulation not only adversely affects the "environment," or nature, but also has a large impact on human societies today. Environmental degradation and population growth go hand in hand. As more people enter the world, there is a greater need for space, furthering damage to our surroundings. As populations grew in response to the agricultural revolution of ancient times more land was required for cultivation to feed the rising populations. Forests were cleared, waterways were diverted, and the soil exhausted, all a result of the expanding populace. Even today in parts of the world, especially third world countries, land is being cleared by slash and burn methods for grazing land and urban development. Whole species of organisms in areas like the Amazon rainforest have most likely been lost due to this method of deforestatio... ...devastating effects, notably poverty, disease, and famine, on poorer countries that cannot handle the needed health care for their mounting populations. Rapid growth of the human population is occurring today with three births for each death. (Southwick, 1996) The modern countries of today cannot turn their back on the third world as everything that occurs on this planet is related. These issues are becoming more and more difficult to solve and are escalating each day. More time and effort needs to be done to look at the root of these issues if there is any hope to fix them. References: Dolan, Edwin G., Ch. 5 from "TANSTAAFL: The Economic Strategy for Environmental Crisis" 1974 Southwick, Charles H., Ch. 15 from "Global Ecology in Human Perspective" Oxford Univ. Press, 1996 Tennenbaum, Erica. http://www.tulane.edu/~rouxbee/kids98/egypt3.html October 20, 1998

Inside Gates versus Out of Gates :: science

Inside Gates versus Out of Gates Turkey as an III World Society shows rapid urbanization process without industrialization which causes some problems in housing situation. In postwar period USA gave martial aid to Turkey, in order to provide to Europe agricultural needs, so there appears jobless villagers and sharecroppers because of changes in agricultural sector in terms of providing surplus by tractors namely by less human labor. So migration to big cities was emerged which is the reason for squatter settlements existence. On the other hand globalization plays a role in suburban development which is the upper-class people’s choice for leaving heterogeneous environment in city centers that causes to emerge new suburban homogeneous settlements as gated communities. Firstly, formation of squatter settlements implies ‘temporariness’ and the term ‘gecekondu’ refer building in one night. People build their gecekondus with having rising expectations for their future because they don’t have pessimistic feelings although they live in slums in the lack of even electricity. Gecekondu people are negatively labeled (stigmatized) as ‘peasants in the city’, uneducated, uncivilized, uncultured, backwards. They are also called as ‘varo ºÃ¢â‚¬â„¢, which is a sign of subordination and exclusion of these kinds of people. (Kiziltan, 2004) They survive in urban life by the help of democratic parties because they have high voting potential, which is populism as a political aspect, and also they provide cheap labor as their second survival factor in economic dimension. Gecekondu amnesty/pardoning become possible as gecekondu people play a role in production-having cheap labor potential and also in consumption by buying products which urban people use, in order to show that they can adapt to the urban life. According to Mass Society Theory, when individuals hardly connect to society they become members of social movements and mobilize against system. Besides this theory, second generation migrants are relatively deprived and fail to adapt in urban life so they display radical politic actions, try to challenge status quo, mobilize against advantaged groups. At the beginning squatters have only use value but after this value begin to turn into exchange value, so gecekondu people start to be stigmatized as ‘undeserved rich’, the villagers want to migrate to city to benefit from this exchanged value and other urban life’ social institutions(health services, education†¦etc) so there exits social mobility towards cities. Also, there is another factor which causes social mobility in squatters; squatters are heterogeneous environments which consist of people from different geographical background, so it is possible to expect high social mobility in these settlements.

Cloning Essay examples -- essays research papers

Is Human Cloning Ethical? Imagine that you have just been diagnosed with lung cancer. You have been told you have six months to live unless you can find two replacement lungs. But, you are told and realize you are a clone and have to give your life to save another. Is that ethically right? Would you, the original human want to do it? I feel that cloning human beings is ethically and morally wrong. Cloning seems to be a big issue in the world today. The issues of cloning became a reality in 1997. On February 27, 1997, it was reported that scientist produced the first clone of an adult sheep, attracting international attention and raising questions of whether cloning should take place. Within days, the public called for ethics inquiries and new laws to ban cloning. The potential effects of cloning are unimaginable. What would life be like with women who are able to give birth to themselves, cloned humans who are used for "spare parts," and genetically superior cloned humans? Based on the positive advances of cloning versus the negative effects, one must ask him/herself whether cloning humans should be banned entirely. Whether it is ethical or not science goes on with their experiments in the cloning process. Personally, I think it’s more like treating human beings as objects not humans. The American Medical Association has four points of reason why cloning should not take pl...

Old Spice Ad Analysis

December 11, 2012 Comp I Advertisement Analysis Advertisements come in various shapes, sizes, and mediums, and as humans, we are constantly surrounded by them. Whether they are on TV, radio, or in a magazine, there is no way that we can escape them. They all have their target audience for whom the advertisers have specifically designed the ad. When a company produces a commercial, their main objective is to get their product to sell. This is a multibillion-dollar industry and the advertisers study all the ways that they can attract their audience’s attention.The producers of advertisements have many tactics and strategies they use when producing an ad to get consumers to buy their product. These include things such as rhetorical appeals, logical fallacies, and â€Å"the male gaze. † The function of marketing is to either increase the number of customers or increase the rate of use among current customers. The number of customers can be increased by converting customers from competing brands, developing loyalty to the brand among current customers, or expanding the total market for the product class. The more ads they make, the more they in turn have to make in order to get our attention, it’s led to a vicious circle of clutter† (PBS Frontline: The Persuaders). Advertising is a battle of which company can fill up the most empty wall space. Consequently, cities turn into a mass chaos of posters and billboards. Subway tunnels have now been turned into moving pictures, to produce almost a â€Å"commercial† if you will. The buses themselves have been turned into moving billboards. Nowadays the thirty-minute block for a television show is about 15 minutes worth of advertisements and 15 minutes of the actual show.Along with that, many people are actually being paid to be an advertisement, whether it be standing out in front of a building with a sign, or putting a company decal on their car. Advertisements, likewise, cannot be escaped. However, often advertisers have to be sure and not â€Å"over do† their advertisements, or else the audience in which they are trying to appeal to will become annoyed. Old Spice, a major company for men’s hygienic products, has created a line of men’s body wash that has a very appealing and humorous advertising campaign.These ads are designed not only to get their product noticed in the marketplace, but also to eclipse other lines of men’s body wash. The Old Spice commercials imply that by using their product, a man will be or become more similar to the Old Spice man, or in other words, the ultimate man. The Old Spice advertisements capture men by reaching out to the needs of women, giving the ideal image of what a man should be and how he should smell, and by creating a sexual theme that attracts attention. The bottles used for all Old Spice products have red incorporated within the design.This is because red is the color of attraction. That is why red always surrounds Valentine's day. Red can also signify power and strength. The Old Spice design tries to go with a classic, authentic look. It wants to appeal to a variety of ages. It has a very sophisticated look (Keitel). In our society, an extremely smart and effective way of selling a product designed for men is to appeal to women. Women have many opinions on commercials that deal with men’s products, and if they like the commercials, they will be more apt to either buy the product themselves or influence the men they know to buy it.Advertisers not only use sexual appeals to attract attention to their ads, but to position their brands as sexual and to suggest that sex-related benefits can ensue to the brand purchasers. In Old Spice’s current ad campaign, there are a series of commercials using different actors and sports stars that are very fit and good looking to highlight their body wash. In the ad they use ex-NFL wide receiver Isaiah Mustafa, promoting elements of masculinity, sex appeal, and humor.In the ad, Mustafa is coming out of a shower dressed only in a towel, saying in a deep voice, â€Å"Hello, ladies†, and then continuing to talk directly to women viewers, telling them to look alternately at him and then the man sitting next to them for the implied comparison in which no normal man would come out very well. The commercial then continues with rapidly shifting scenes that show Mustafa in romantic fantasy–? like settings designed to appeal to women. He is shirtless on a sailboat at sunset, then holding tickets to â€Å"that thing you love†.The tickets then turn into diamonds, and finally then ad ends with Mustafa sitting shirtless on a white stallion on a tropical beach. The commercial’s appeal to women relies not only on the attractiveness of the actor and the settings, but to the humor that is based on the idea that such a perfect man can exist at all. Conversely, not only do these commercials reach out to women, but also there are men in the target audience and there is a message for them as well. These ads present an ideal image of how a man should be and what he should smell like.By using a good looking, fit, man for this advertisement, it gives the product an image that men want. The logical fallacy, ad populum, is present in this commercial. This ad almost shouts out the ideas that if you use the product you can look, smell, and be exactly like the man you see on your television. The Old Spice man, Mustafa, does everything better than you do and will give your woman more than you can give her. You can smell like the â€Å"ultimate man†, or as the slogan used in the ads says, â€Å"Smell like a man†.The ad makes a man react emotionally and appeal directly to his masculinity, vanity, and even his insecurity in being able to impress, attract, and keep women happy. This ad also portrays the idea of â€Å"scopophilia†. Scopophila is known as the pleasure in lo oking; by this, women want to have a pleasure in looking at their man, and the only way that will happen is if he uses Old Spice. In addition to appealing to women’s tastes and a man’s emotional need to smell like a manly man and attract a woman, this commercial uses the old reliable advertising strategy – sex sells.A sexually themed commercial can appeal to both men and women, and is sure to attract attention. Men and women are often portrayed in a sexual manner in ads of products that have absolutely nothing to do with sex itself. However, the sexiness of the advertisement causes people to remember the ad, and thus the product. This sexiness in advertising is enhanced and affected by the physical attributes of the models, their movement or actions, their interactions if there is more than one model, and the special effects provided by the camera.The desired result is achieved, because of the sexual nature of the ad, a fit and good-looking man talking directly to women in a seductive voice and in a romantic location. People, both men and women, stop what they are doing and watch. Sex can make the beholder feel young again. Sex may also reassure men of their masculinity and women of their femininity. The sexual content of the commercial also does more than grab people’s attention, it helps them remember the ads.The Old Spice ads are successful because they make an impression on people and lead to discussions with other people who have seen them. The advertisers do have to be careful with the use of sex appeal in these ads. If the sexual content is overdone, it might not work as intended. They need to make sure that people are not so distracted by the sexual appeal of the ad that they do not remember what the ad was for in the first place. It does not do any good to create a sensual or sexual message when all they can remember is the image and not the brand name.Therefore, advertisers need to make sure the sexual/sensual image being used is connected in some way to the product or service being promoted. This will create a link between the two and make the viewer much more likely to remember the product or service being advertised. When making a sexual ad, producers must tailor the message to the people they are targeting, which includes understanding the audience’s feelings and beliefs on public sexuality. Women have a different viewpoint on the subject of sexual appeal in advertisements.The objectification of women in advertising campaigns has significant psychological implications. It socializes women to think of them in the manner in which they are depicted, and causes them to engage in self-objectification. When women view advertisements featuring thin female models, it causes them to think that their own bodies should also be thin, creates anxieties relating to their weight, appearance, body satisfaction, and creates a negative mood. Thus, their body image causes them to suffer emotionally and psych ologically.Bordo states in her essay, â€Å"Today, as many as one million men – and eight million women – have an eating disorder. † Perhaps, by buying the advertised items, the viewing audience of women believes they will instantly become taller, thinner, younger, and prettier. This is not the same psychological effect experienced by women who view ads with female models of average proportions, or with no female models at all. Objectification of women in advertisements and emphasis on the size of their breasts has created a society of cosmetically enhanced, large-breasted women.Their self-image is predicated on the media's portrayal of a desirable woman. In order to have high self-esteem, and see themselves as attractive and valued women, many females feel this enhancement is necessary. Most human consumption is a result of a drive to satisfy sensuous desires. Advertising uses sexual images to encourage this consumption. People become dissatisfied with their im perfect selves, and seek to become perfect by buying the sexually charged products. Sex is an easy way to get the attention of males and make a product seem desirable.Women are objectified, and men are swayed to purchase the product and as a reward, get the women. The women represented in these ads are all beautiful and physically well endowed. Men are stimulated by the immediate physical sexuality in the ads, whereas women seem to be more stimulated by the sexuality for the romantic aspect of it. Men want to get the women. Women want the sexuality for the promise of the future. There seems to be no question that the use of sexuality in advertising helps to sell a product.However, when sexuality is used, the concept is true that there is greater consumer interest in observing the ads. This increased consumer interest often leads to the purchase of the advertised product. Works Cited Bordo, Susan. â€Å"Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body†. Writing Analytically with Reading. 2n d ed. EDS. Rossenwasser, David and Jill Stephen. Boston: Wadsworth, 2012. 821-843. Print. Keitel, Victoria. â€Å"Old Spice Analysis. † Personal. PSU. n. d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012 Rushkoff, Douglas. â€Å"The Persuaders. † PBS Frontline. 9 Nov. 2004. Web. 11 Nov. 2012