Colonialism and Imperialism in Nectar in a Sieve Essay -- Nectar Sieve

Imperialism in Nectar in a riddle The characters in the book Nectar in a Sieve had to deal with western sandwich imperialism and they had to adapt to the changing ideas associated with Western imperialism. Throughout the book Rukmani had to struggle with her beliefs and how to cope with these changes. From the beginning Rukmani coped with these changes, from culture to her way of life, until the end of the book where hitherto then her life was not through being changed. In the first instance Rukmani had to deal with a husband that was several castes down the stairs her. Usually if the char was below the man she could probably do the work that he does, being used to the labor that is. Yet in Rukmanis instance the man was below her, which meant that she was not used to hard labor. A man is indeed fortunate if he does not marry above him, for if he does he gets a married woman who is no help . . . what patience indeed my husband must have had (14). Rukmani was fortunate to marry a kind husband, and though she had no farming experience, she became retract good at it, and made profit from her vegetable goods. At first, traditional urban life continued as it always had, but then Western imperialistic ideas began to come into their midst. It started when a tannery was established in their small village township, then white men begin building, and prostitution became a menace to their lifestyles. The tannery had been a source for income during difficult times when famine struck their livelihood. After awhile Western imperialistic ideas began to manifest themselves in her sons lives, as when they became aware of the idea of pairing type strikes. This occurred when the white owners were cheating them of their proper earnings. Then one day they di... ...s. People who live in rural communities often get lost and taken advantage of in big cities, but sometimes they do manage to survive. In the case of technology and medicine the natives of the land are always a musing and unsure if these new ideas are safe. Rukmanis move to the city was a bad idea, because she had no idea if her son could even afford to take complaint of them. They should have stayed in the small town, especially since her husband was sickly and this move would, and did, kill him at the end of the book. Eventually Rukmani had to move back to her small town because of his death. Western imperialism had a negative impact on non-Western cultures at first. Nevertheless, later when the rural communities accepted Western ideas they began to adapt to them. Overall most non-western communities prospered, and grew into industrialized lands.

Proof Of The Exsistence of God :: essays research papers

Proof Of The Exsistence of God Either God exists or He doesnt. There is no middle ground. both attempt to remain neutral in analogy to Gods initiation is automatically synonymous with unbelief. It is far from a "moot" question, for if God does exist, then nothing else in reality matters if He does not exist, then nothing in reality matters at all. If He does exist, then there is an eternal heaven to be gained (Hebrews 1116) and an eternal fossa to be avoided (Revelation 218). The question for Gods existence is an passing important sensation. One might wonder why it is necessary to present evidence for the existence of God. As Edward Thomson so beautifully stated it "...the doctrine of the one living and true God, Creator, Preserver, and Benefactor of the universe, as it solves so some(prenominal) problems, resolves so homosexualy doubts, banishes so many fears, inspires so many hopes, gives such sublimity to all things, and such spring to all noble powers, we m ight presume would, as soon as it was announced, be get by every healthy mind." Some, however, contrary to their high interests, have refused to have God in their knowledge and thus have become vain in their reasonings and foolish in their philosophy (Romans 121,22,28). They do not see the folly (Psalm 141) of saying there is no God. The Christian has not provided the obligation to "give answer to every man that asketh you a reason concerning the hope that is in you..." (I Peter 315), but an obligation to carry the church doctrine message to a lost and dying orb (Mark 1615-16, et al.). There will be times when carrying the Gospel message to the world will incriminate setting forth the case for the existence of God. In addition, we need to remember that Christians are not agnostics. The agnostic is the person who says that Gods existence is unknowable. As difficult as it is to believe, some Christians take that same stance in regard to Gods existence. They assert th at they "believe" there is a God, but that they cannot know it. They state that Gods existence cannot be proved. This is false Gods existence is both knowable and provable. Acceptance of Gods existence is not some "blind leap into the dark" as so many have mistakenly asserted. The Christians faith is not a purely emotional, essential "leap," but instead is a firm conviction regarding facts based upon reasonable evidence.Proof Of The Exsistence of God essays research written documentProof Of The Exsistence of God Either God exists or He doesnt. There is no middle ground. Any attempt to remain neutral in relation to Gods existence is automatically synonymous with unbelief. It is far from a "moot" question, for if God does exist, then nothing else really matters if He does not exist, then nothing really matters at all. If He does exist, then there is an eternal heaven to be gained (Hebrews 1116) and an eternal Hell to be avoided (Revelation 218). The question for Gods existence is an extremely important one. One might wonder why it is necessary to present evidence for the existence of God. As Edward Thomson so beautifully stated it "...the doctrine of the one living and true God, Creator, Preserver, and Benefactor of the universe, as it solves so many problems, resolves so many doubts, banishes so many fears, inspires so many hopes, gives such sublimity to all things, and such spring to all noble powers, we might presume would, as soon as it was announced, be received by every healthy mind." Some, however, contrary to their higher interests, have refused to have God in their knowledge and thus have become vain in their reasonings and foolish in their philosophy (Romans 121,22,28). They do not see the folly (Psalm 141) of saying there is no God. The Christian has not only the obligation to "give answer to every man that asketh you a reason concerning the hope that is in you..." (I Peter 315), but an obligation to carry the Gospel message to a lost and dying world (Mark 1615-16, et al.). There will be times when carrying the Gospel message to the world will entail setting forth the case for the existence of God. In addition, we need to remember that Christians are not agnostics. The agnostic is the person who says that Gods existence is unknowable. As difficult as it is to believe, some Christians take that same stance in regard to Gods existence. They assert that they "believe" there is a God, but that they cannot know it. They state that Gods existence cannot be proved. This is false Gods existence is both knowable and provable. Acceptance of Gods existence is not some "blind leap into the dark" as so many have erroneously asserted. The Christians faith is not a purely emotional, subjective "leap," but instead is a firm conviction regarding facts based upon reasonable evidence.

Brookshire Grocery Company :: essays research papers

Brookshire Grocery Company, known for its commitment to excellent node service, was established in 1938. The bon ton began with one store in downtown Tyler, Texas under the work Brookshire Brothers. Soon after, the company changed its name to Brookshire Grocery Company and expanded to four stores in Tyler and Longview, Texas, which include the first air-conditioned store in East Texas (brookshires.com). Over the years, the Brookshire Grocery Company chain has grown to more than 150 stores throughout Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas and, nearly recently, Mississippi. The firm began to open warehouse-style stores under the trade name Super 1 Foods and 1 superstore under the trade name Brookshires Supercenter in the 1980s crack people other ways to save money (tsha.utexas.edu). Brookshire Grocery Company is also currently operating grocery store in Plano, Texas under the name Ole Foods to try to appeal to the Hispanic population in the community. The companys manufacturing facilities in clude a bakery mark, dairy plant, ice cream plant, ice plant and water plant near Tyler, Texas (Brookshire Briefs). Brookshires offers a variety of specialty departments in many of its stores. Among these are bakeries, pharmacies delicatessens, floral departments, in-store film processing departments, and video rentals (tsha.utexas.edu). In 1977, Brookshires established the World of Wildlife and Country Store Museum in the corporate complex featuring activities for children (tsha.utexas.edu). Due to recent acquisitions, employment in the company has exceeded 12,000 employees (Brookshire Briefs). Brookshires has primed(p) a heavy emphasis on replacing, expanding, and modernizing stores where needed in order to meet customer demands and better serve them. The firm has recently purchased and opened 17 former Winn-Dixie stores in North-central, Texas and four former Albertsons stores in the Jackson, Mississippi area (Tribune Business News).Brookshire Grocery Company also introduced a low-carbohydrate, low-sugar frozen dessert called LeCarb in 2001 proving the firm to contribute to creativity and innovation as well as providing options to health-conscious consumers. By May of 2002, the product was distributed nationwide as the first product accessible of its kind (Tribune Business News). The grocery market is highly competitive. Brookshires has found that superior customer service is the key to success. Consumers who are familiar with the Brookshires power know that they will be greeted with a friendly smile and helpful attitude. Employee meetings and up-beat newsletters from the corporate office are excellent ways of reminding the employees of the significance of making customer satisfaction the most important part of their jobs.

Scientific Empiricism Essay -- Essays Papers

Scientific Empiricism In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief hypothesis that stated that the sun is at ataraxis and the world is in rotation somewhat the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to force out the long lived belief in Ptolemys theory which stated, The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331). This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicuss theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid. Tycho Brahe, a danish astronomer, held a great belief in the importance of sensationalism in relation to scientific theories. He was one of the greatest opposer of Copernicuss On the Revolutions of the Heav enly Spheres. Brahe believed the Copernicus theory was not founded on a sufficient amount of usage. Charles W. Morris, an author of The Encyclopedia and Unified acquirement who specialized in Scientific Empiricism, believes that practice is found at the heart of empiricism. Morris defines the importance of practice in scientific theories as The activity which gives rise to the sentences of perception is, like any other regular activity proceeding in terms of rules or canons(72). It was based on these feelings of empiricism that inspired Brahe to, collect the near accurate astronomical data that devote ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye(Kagan331). Brahe held the common belief among empiricist that, It is willing and able to admit i... ... been the underlying grammatical constituent in many scientific advancements. Morris believes that, It is an empiricism which, because of this orientation and the use of powerful tools of logical analysis, has beco me positive in temper and co-operative in attitude and is no longer condemned to the negative skeptical designate of showing defects in the methods and results of its opponents(Neurath68). The great accomplishments of Brahe, Kepler, Newton and the many others are due to the advancement of scientific empiricism. Works Cited - Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, bounder M.. The Western Heritage. Vol. 2. New Jersey assimilator Hall, 1996 - MacKinnon, Edward A.. The Problem of Scientific Realism. New York Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1972. - Neurath, Otto, et al. Encyclopedia and Unified Science. ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press, 1938. Scientific Empiricism Essay -- Essays text fileScientific Empiricism In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief theory that stated that the sun is at rest and the earth is in rotation around the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to dissolve the long lived belief in Ptolemys theory which stated, The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331). This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicuss theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, held a great belief in the importance of empiricism in relation to scientific theories. He was one of the greatest opposer of Copernicuss On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Brahe believed the Copernicus theory was not founded on a sufficient amount of practice. Charles W. Morris, an author of The Encyclopedia and Unified Science who specialized in Scientific Empiricism, believes that practice is found at the heart of empiricism. Morris defines the importance of practice in scientific theories as The activity which gives rise to the sentences of science is, like any other systematic activity proceeding in terms of rules or canons(72). It was based on these feelings of empiricism that inspired Brahe to, collect the most accurate astronomical data that have ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye(Kagan331). Brahe held the common belief among empiricist that, It is willing and able to admit i... ... been the underlying factor in many scientific advancements. Morris believes that, It is an empiricism which, because of this orientation and the use of powerful tools of logical analysis, has become positive in temper and co-operative in attitude and is no longer condemned to the negative skeptical task of showing defects in the methods and results of its opponents(Neurath68). The great accomplishments of Brahe, Kepler, Newton and the many others are due to the advancement of scientific empiricism. W orks Cited - Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M.. The Western Heritage. Vol. 2. New JerseyPrentice Hall, 1996 - MacKinnon, Edward A.. The Problem of Scientific Realism. New York Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1972. - Neurath, Otto, et al. Encyclopedia and Unified Science. ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press, 1938.

Psychological Analysis of Lee Harvey Oswald Essay -- Psychological Cap

On November 22nd, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was kill. It was concluded by The Warren Commission that the man who assassinated President Kennedy was 24 year old, Lee Harvey Oswald. Less than 48 hours after Kennedy was shot, while Oswald was being transferred to the county jail, he was assassinated. Lee Harvey Oswald was killed in front he could undergo some(prenominal) psychological or psychiatric analysis, so it is impossible to know for certain what his mental state was at the time of President Kennedys assassination. The Warren Commission states that they were unable to reach any definite conclusions as to whether or not he (Lee Harvey Oswald) was sane under prevailing legal standards (Warren et al., 1964, p. 375). I do not mean that human behavior can ever fully be predicted. However, an analysis of Oswalds childhood, as well as, his actions leading up to the assassination help us to understand the type of person Lee Harvey Oswald was and give us an insight int o his psychological state. Oswald had a troubling childhood to say the least. His father died two months before he was born in 1939 leaving him with no father figure in his life. Not only did the death of Oswalds father leave him with without a father-figure, it robbed him of a home and family life with constant parental figures (Abrahamsen, 1967, p. 869). The death of Oswalds father forced his pay back to go to work, essentially leaving him without a mother as well. His mother sent Oswald, his older brother, Robert Oswald, and his older half-brother, John Pic, to an orphanage. Oswald stayed at the orphanage for thirteen months, until his mother married her third husband (Ewing & McCann, 2006, p. 22). Now that Oswalds mother was remarried there w... ...brahamsen, David. (1967). A Study of Lee Harvey Oswald Psychological Capability of Murder. Bulletin of The New York Academy of Medicine, 43, 861-888. Ewing, C.P., & McCann J.T. (2006). Minds on Trial Great Cases in impartiality an d Psychology. New York, NY Oxford University Press. McAdams, John. (1995). Lee Harvey Oswald Troubled Youth - Oswald Assessed by Psychiatrist Renatus Hartogs. Retrived from http//mcadams.posc.mu.edu/hartogs.htm.Simon, Jonathan. (1998). Ghosts of the Disciplinary Machine Lee Harvey Oswald, Life-History, and the Truth of Crime. Yale Journal of Law and Humanities, 10, 75-113.Warren, E., Russell, R. B., Ford, G. R., Cooper, J. S., Dulles, A. W., Boggs, A., McCloy, J. J. (1964). The Warren Commission give out Reports of the Presidents Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. New York, NY St. Martins Press.

Psychological Analysis of Lee Harvey Oswald Essay -- Psychological Cap

On November 22nd, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. It was concluded by The warren relegating that the man who assassinated President Kennedy was 24 year old, Lee Harvey Oswald. Less than 48 hours after Kennedy was shot, while Oswald was being transferred to the county jail, he was assassinated. Lee Harvey Oswald was killed before he could undergo any psychological or psychiatric analysis, so it is impossible to know for certain what his mental state was at the time of President Kennedys black lotion. The warren Commission states that they were unable to reach any definite conclusions as to whether or not he (Lee Harvey Oswald) was sane under prevailing legal standards (Warren et al., 1964, p. 375). I do not believe that human behavior can ever fully be predicted. However, an analysis of Oswalds childhood, as well as, his actions leading up to the assassination help us to understand the type of person Lee Harvey Oswald was and give us an insight into his psychological state. Oswald had a troubling childhood to say the least. His gravel died two months before he was born in 1939 departure him with no perplex figure in his life. Not only did the death of Oswalds father leave him with without a father-figure, it robbed him of a home and family life with constant parental figures (Abrahamsen, 1967, p. 869). The death of Oswalds father forced his mother to go to work, essentially leaving him without a mother as well. His mother sent Oswald, his older brother, Robert Oswald, and his older half-brother, John Pic, to an orphanage. Oswald stayed at the orphanage for thirteen months, until his mother married her third conserve (Ewing & McCann, 2006, p. 22). Now that Oswalds mother was remarried there w... ...brahamsen, David. (1967). A Study of Lee Harvey Oswald Psychological Capability of Murder. Bulletin of The New York Academy of Medicine, 43, 861-888. Ewing, C.P., & McCann J.T. (2006). Minds on Trial striking Cases in Law and Psych ology. New York, NY Oxford University Press. McAdams, John. (1995). Lee Harvey Oswald Troubled Youth - Oswald Assessed by Psychiatrist Renatus Hartogs. Retrived from http//mcadams.posc.mu.edu/hartogs.htm.Simon, Jonathan. (1998). Ghosts of the Disciplinary Machine Lee Harvey Oswald, Life-History, and the Truth of Crime. Yale Journal of Law and Humanities, 10, 75-113.Warren, E., Russell, R. B., Ford, G. R., Cooper, J. S., Dulles, A. W., Boggs, A., McCloy, J. J. (1964). The Warren Commission Report Reports of the Presidents Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. New York, NY St. Martins Press.

Therapeutic Actions Of Gamma-Oryzanol As A Novel Food Supplement

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder in which the man-to-man experiences episodes of symptoms arising from the large intestines, without the battlefront of any definite disorder. It is characterized by the front end of a number of symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, discomfort, tough bowel habits, diarrhoea handicap, production of gas, distended abdomen, sensation of having evacuated incompletely, forepart of mucous in the stools, etc. The symptoms tend to decrease when the individual passes stools and exasperates when the individual take aways fodder.Several separate non-specific symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, chest pain, increased urination, incomplete bl channeler evacuation, tiredness, malaise, etc, atomic number 18 also experienced. The incidences range from 7% to 17%, and the mean prevalence including undetected cases is 2. 9 to 6. 5%. The incidence is high in females than males (61-68%). The findings seem to be correspond ent in Australia, US and Europe. The incidence according to the sub-types includes constipation type is 16%, diarrhoea type is 21% and alternate type is 63%. In America, genius out of every five adults develops IRB, but the incidences seem to be greater (Tack, J. 006, 701-709). The exact own for IBS is still not understood. The intestinal wall consists of several(prenominal) layers of ponderositys that move the digested food from the stomach to the rectum. This takes place in a co-ordinated fashion, such that the relaxation and contraction of the muscles propel the food in the right direction. However, in IBB, the contractions are more forceful and prolonged causing several symptoms such as abdominal pain, production of gas, diarrhoea, etc. Sometimes, the contractions whitethorn be weak and very short, leading to the stools become hard and dry.As the disease is seen with higher incidences in definite families, potential genetic factors are also being suggested. Several factors such as alternations in the tenderness control to the muscles, changes in the control of sensations to the muscles, intestinal dysbiosis, hormonal problems (because the symptoms tend to worsen around the menstrual period in women), etc. The symptoms may tend to worsen especially on consumption of original foods (such as caffeine products or alcohol), stress, or certain illness (Mayo Clinic, 2005, Introduction, Causes & Risk Factors).Studies bring in shown that eating certain food substances and avoiding others may in fact help to lower the symptoms of IBS. Patients seeking dietary advice benefit a lot from consumption of a specific diet and dodge of certain substances. Some patients may benefit from elimination of certain food substances and slow reintroduction into the diet. The individual should avoid consuming large amounts of food at unity time. Instead, smaller doses should be consumed more often (NDDIC, 2006). Individuals with the diarrhoea subtype may have symptoms espe cially when they consume lactose or dairy products, excessive amounts of fruits or sorbitol.Individuals with the constipation subtype may experience symptoms whenever they avoid grapheme and water in their diet, as the stools become hard and dry. Some individuals may experience symptoms of excessive gas production, bloating and flatulence, whenever they consume beans, cabbage, cauliflower or uncooked broccoli. Consumption of low to moderate amounts of fat in the diet may help to reduce the symptoms of IBB, because fat stimulates the intestinal sensations and motor activities (Mertz, H. R. , 2003). Although fibres lack the experimental data, it has been recommended as a therapy for individuals suffering from IRB.Fibres are carbohydrates that are not digestible, but can be broken down by certain bacteria throw in the intestines. Fibres are of 2 types, namely, soluble fibre and insoluble fibres. The soluble fibres are present in several fruits such as citrus fruits, apples and beans , and also in certain vegetable such as psyllium. These soluble fibres dissolve in the water and form a gel-like substance. It helps to evacuate the stools, and consequently can be utilised in both the diarrhoea and constipation subtypes. Psyllium supplements are also available in supplements.Insoluble fibres on the other hand, add bulk to the stools, make them softer and help it to be evacuated easily. They are present in wheat bread, bran and several vegetables (AAFP, 2006). So far, three placebo controlled studies have been performed on psyllium, but notwithstanding one comprehensive trial has been completed. Psyllium helped to reduce the stool transit time, and also improved the easy, frequency and consistency of the stools, compared to placebo. However, side- outcomes may also develop including allergy, defective absorption after administration of certain drugs and obstruction of the intestines.Peppermint oil also showed several(prenominal) amount of benefit in IBS, by reduc ing smooth muscle contraction, and had a more superior payoff compared to a placebo (Sheisenger, M. H. , 2006, Gastrointestinal Disorders address by CAM Therapies). Bran received a lot of enthusiasm for use in IBS in the 1970s and 1980s. It was recommended routinely by the gastroenterologist. However, RCTs show only limited benefits. When administered to 14 patients, the symptoms of pain, discomfort, elimination of mucous stockpileing stools, had decreased, compared to those not being administered a high fibre diet.In another RCT, bran tablets and placebo tablets were being administered to patients belonging to 2 groups. Constipation had reduced in the case group. Some individual may not tolerate bran and may preferably benefit from consuming whole wheat bread (Bouchier, A. , 1984, 872-873). Some individuals may give complaints of gas production and bloating whenever they consume a diet rich in fibres. This usually occurs when the fibre content is food is suddenly being increased . Such symptoms are usually temporary and slowly reduce, as the individual gets used to the higher fibre content in the diet.The individual should eat a high fibre diet by consuming a variety of foods. Fibre supplements including Metamucil or Citrucel should be consumed gradually, along with plenty of water (NDDIC, 2006). Studies have shown that individuals developing pain may also benefit from high fibre content as they tends to cumber the intestines mildly distended. In this way, stools can be emitted painlessly. The fibre content should be increased by 2 to 3 grams a day. Besides, increasing the fibre content, the individual should also consume large quantities of water a day, as it helps to reduce both diarrhoea and constipation.Six to eight glasses of water should be consumed in a day. The individual should avoid sodas, as they increase the gas production and cause a lot of discomfort (NDDIC, 2006). Excessive amounts of fat and caffeine can cause the intestines to contract exc essively resulting in development of severe abdominal cramps. Others foods such as alcohol, chewing gum, and cocoa should also be avoided. Chewing gum may increase the intake of air into the digestive tract. The individual should have an idea of the foods that cause problem, and should hence avoid them after discussing with the physician (AAFP, 2006).Probiotics are food supplements that contain microorganisms which are potentially beneficial for health. These substances ensure that the gut is being colonised by friendly organisms. In the early part of the 20th century, Metchinkoff discovered that certain bacterium when consumed in the form of foods such as yoghurt could help improve the micro-flora present in the intestines. Studies conducted in individuals suffering from demonstrated that such patients fork over large quantities of hydrogen gas and volatile short-chain fatty acids, suggesting a disturbance in the gut microflora (P&G Health Sciences Institute, 2005).RCTs conducted on individuals with IBS consuming Lactobacillus plantarum showed that several symptoms such as abdominal discomfort and flatulence were relieved. Probiotics adjust the intestinal microflora to a more health state. Many researchers feel that IBS may be caused due(p) to significant changes in the intestinal microflora. Another study showed that individuals with IBS having their intestinal microflora removed through colonic lavage and having microflora inserted from a healthy donor benefited with a reduction in the symptoms.Streptococcus faecium (brand name Pareghurt) contained in freeze-dried cultures help to improve the symptoms in about 81% of the patients. Studies may not show significant benefits of alternative therapies, but some amount of advantages can be obtained (Hasler, W. L. , 1999, 1900). Probiotics administered in the form of Bifidobacterium infantilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and VSL (a combination of micoorganisms), seemed to produce prominent effects, although they s eemed to vary from one individuals to another.This may be due to variations in the dose, presence of ineffective bacteria, or other factors (Tallej, N. J. , 2006). Probiotics are also effective in reducing diarrhoea. Previous meta-analysis conducted with Lactobacillus strains have demonstrated that probioitcs help to reduce diarrhoea spare-time activity administration of antibiotics. Another trial conducted utilising a different bacteria (S. boulardii) showed that the bacteria contained an enzyme which helped to destroy a toxin secreted by another microorganism that caused diarrhoea (Sheisenger, M. H. 2006, Gastrointestinal Disorders Addressed by CAM Therapies).Some of the probiotics available in the market today contain different strains of lactobacillus bacteria. These strains colonise different areas of the intestinal mucosa, encourage synthesis of several vitamins required by the body, prevent the disease-causing microorganisms from colonising the gut and also helps in the dige stion of food (as these bacteria contain beneficial enzymes). Some bacteria such as Bifidobaceria additionally help in metabolism of bile acids (P&G Health Sciences Institute, 2005).Probiotics do seem to be very useful when consumed often as a supplement in IBS as such individuals may have a disturbed intestinal microflora. However, further studies need to be conducted until more consistent results are being obtained. At present the results obtained from studies are inconsistent, because the factors that could be playing an important role in the manner in which these probiotics act are not clearly understood. Gamma-oryzanol is a steryl ferulates mixture obtained from dark-brown rice bran oil.It has a number of beneficial activities in the body, and especially has very good antioxidant effect. The oil is also being utilised in sunscreen. The oil acts as an organic radical scavenger which was able to reduce oxidation of lipids. Several tests conducted in the laboratory using several scavenging systems such as scavenging DPHH radical, and OH or O2- scavenging radicals have demonstrated the antioxidant properties of gamma-oryzanol. Oxidation acceleration tests were being performed to compare the effect of gamma-oryzanol with other antioxidants such as BHA and BHT.The antioxidant properties of gamma-oryzanol may be attributed to the presence of large amounts of PUFA. Small quantities of gamma-oryzanol added to other oils helps to prevent lipid oxidation (Juliano C. , 2005, 146-154). Studies conducted on the on gamma-oryzanol demonstrate that it may beneficial to reduce any disturbance in the functioning of the autonomic ill at ease(p) system. Stress-related ulcers were reduced to some extent in animal administered gamma-oryzanol (Itaya, K. et al, 1976, 474-481).Studies have also demonstrated that gamma-oryzanol produces a stimulating and as well as a inhibiting effect on the movements of the gastric and ileal mucosa. This is produced due to the effect of gamma-or yzanol on the central nervous system (Mizonishi, T. , 1980, 47-55). Due to the mucosa-protective function, anti-oxidant effect, and control over bowel movements, gamma-oryzanol, has shown some beneficial effect in helping to reduce the symptoms of IBS. However, detailed human studies need to be conducted in order to determine the precise effect that gamma-oryzanol can produce.

Critically analyze Brandom and Haugeland’s views regarding Cartesianism

The concept of Cartesianism is that every and/or any thing that can be doubted must be discarded, and musical themelly formulated anew in order to be cemented in virtuefulness. Doubting is the first way of determining whether something is useful, and if it isnt, you discard what you cope and basically reinvent it in such a way that is useful. We apply this Cartesianism in a social context when we look at society, politics and the fundamental interactions of mass on any communicative grounds.This would include linguistics, thinking and any other(a)wise forms of interaction that form any kind of ground deed for social and societal interaction. utilize Cartesianism, we can draw distinctions between such things. We will look at the notions of language, argument and thinking, in terms of the works of some(prenominal) philosophers, Robert Brandom and John Haugeland, with the emphasis on comparing and contrasting their unique views. Brandom Freedom, Norms, Reason and ThoughtRober t Brandoms views on personal freedom were rooted in the difference between how he perceived his forerunners on the subject matter he comp ard and contrasted Kant and Hegel in his work Freedom and Constraint by Norms. In this work, he critically observes the foundation from which Kant and Hegel analyzed the ideas of personal freedom, as expressed or refuted by averages. In order to set out these principles freedom and norms we must first define them. Brandom had this to say about Kants stallOne of the most suggestive responses to the first set of concerns has been developed by the Kantian tradition the doctrine that freedom consists precisely in being restrain by norms rather than merely by causes, answering to what ought to be as well as what is. (1979, p. 187). We assume the fact present that norms are things which become naturalised over time by society/ friendship, and that they determine and decide how things should be done, by the idiosyncratic and by the community.Whe re Kant pragmatically argued that society used norms to determine the unmarrieds actions, Brandom also included how Hegel proposed a different approach, from a different angle The central feature determining the character of any vision of homo freedom is the pecker offered of positive freedom (freedom to) those respects in which our activity should be distinguished from the mere lack of external causal constraint (freedom from) (1979, p. 187). Brandom furthers his blood line by pickings his proposed solution into the domain of the linguistic.He argues that the basis of norms, with regards to their use in regulating society and the individuals role therein, requires creative expression from individuals in order to promote the Hegelian concept of idealistic, positive freedom. Ultimately, Brandom proposes a post-Hegelian solution, one which builds on Hegels initial statements and ideally assists the bestridement of individuals within a communal setting. In A Social Route from Re asoning to Representing, Brandom further explores the generally held principles that individual beings are capable of precedenting and reasonable thought processes.Because of this inherent trait, fostered in the upbringing of each individual, truth by inference or deductive reasoning becomes a cornerstone of the thoughts and actions of every individual. The exploration of the difference between real thinking and thinking about something is established and represented by the accepted standard that individuals move in social circles, and so influence each others ideas and notions of reason. Common ground is found in these motions, or as Brandom qualifies, the representational dimension reflects the social structure in the game of giving and asking for reason. (2000, p. 183). Haugeland Truth, Rules and Social Cartesianism John Haugeland approaches the idea behind the social establishments in much the homogeneous way as Brandom. He explores the same set of topics in his work Truth and Rule-following, where he mentions the idea of norms as being bound to rules and how the social circle comprised of unique individuals see such institutes. These rules are divided into genuine and governing, with factual being held as understood and upheld by all and governing as normative how they ought to be (Haugeland, 1998, p. 306).Haugeland also argues that these norms are upheld by a communal motion to associate and create similarities between individuals conformity. He further proposes that social normativity can be grounded in biological normativity the same principles and arguments can be applied, but simply insofar as human beings are capable of reason, and that a biological body by contrast follows certain predetermined, preprogrammed sets or rules, while a reasoning mind can necessarily adapt around or expand on conditions and work beyond them, as a biological preset cannot.This supports the idea of governing norms being changeable, separate from objective truth. Also, social norms are enacted through the input of others, in a sense promoting a establishment where one part of the community checks up on the others, and vice versa. Haugelands case is concluded with an emphatic argument for the similarity and union between norms of reason (governing norms) and objective truth (factual norms) boiling down to being the same thing both are in fact changeable, if in different, subjective ways.With Social Cartesianism, Haugeland explores the work of three other philosophers, objectifying the reason for his assumptions based on the use of philosophy in language, which all three works the works of Goodman, Quine and Wittgenstein/Kripke explore in some form. The reason for this compend is Cartesian in origin. The first work, by Goodman, is an argument based on defining predicates accepted rules and testing the limits of their acceptability, in true, doubtful, Cartesian style.The work of Quine focuses on the elements of translation, of taking per sonally accepted norms and placing them over a culture with differing norms, thereby defining that culture according to our own way of doing things. Lastly, the debate ventured by Wittgenstein/Kripke is one of hesitancy that proposes that all norms are social, not private In sum if meanings must be normative, but individuals cant impose norms on themselves, then private, individual meanings are impossible (Haugeland, p. 219).Haugeland extrapolates that each one of these arguments is fundamentally flawed, based on the polish he draws regarding each of the three works shortcomings they all fail to account for the real world, the world that everyone lasts in and is affected by. Brandom versus Haugeland Perhaps the most obvious similarity between Brandom and Haugelands individual accounts and reasoning is the fact that they approach the same kinds of topics social situation, individuality, freedom, language and thought.Despite various approaches and held viewpoints, both are compelle d to a certain Cartesian way of doing things, of discarding everything or anything that is not beyond doubt and recreating these things anew by using sound reasoning. Brandom is fond of referencing Kant and Hegel and placing them in opposition against each other, most notably in stating their viewpoints from necessity and polarity Kant held the view that norms dictated freedom and individuality, whereas Hegel was more than positive in expressing his views on freedom ultimately determining norms.In a similar fashion, Haugeland approached the subject of norms and normativity, and how they affected individuals, both linguistically and thoughtfully. We will look at the comparison of norms and normativity first, and then spread outward into linguistics and thought. The view of normativity being a deciding factor, most notably on a linguistic basis, for representing the two polarities of norms and facts, is upheld by both philosophers.Brandom sees norms as something which is instituted based on reason, on the idea that they are something that is held by a communal mindset and imposed on the individual. Facts in turn are things which are accepted as a apt(p) by not only individuals but also by the community. Focusing on linguistics, Brandom draws on translation, on the action of placing or transposing one set of accepted norms from, say, one communitys point of view onto another communitys point of view. Note here that Haugeland also referenced the idea of translation in his critique of Quines work.This poses the first real contrast between Brandom and Haugelands points of view Brandom poses the idea that translation promotes assimilation By translating, rather than causally explaining some performance, we extend our community (the one which engages in the social practices into which we translate the antics behavior) so as to include the stranger, and treat his performances as variants of our own. (1979, p. 191). The act of making something your own, drawing so mething or someone in from outside your boundaries, speaks of a time out of norms.Logically it can be argued that assimilating something new forces your way of thinking about something to be altered to accommodate what is new, even if what has been absorbed becomes a representation of something completely new and different. In this we see Brandoms shift to the Hegelian idea of the novel, the new, being created in a positive sense in order to advance and enhance the communal whole. Haugeland contrasts by referencing Quine although the translations are different, there is no fact as to which of them is the in force(p) one, because there is no objective matter to be right or wrong about. (cited from Haugeland, ). Haugeland would seemingly disagree with Brandoms use of translation as a means of successfully integrating norms, of taking norm and transforming it into fact. Translation still argues for something similar, not new it presupposes a universal component that stretches throu gh all languages. Judgment is another key concept, one bound to reason and thought. Brandom cites Kant once more in bringing to the fore the sense that one must act from thought, and that judging and acting requires a commitment, staking a claim undertake a commitment (1979, p. 164).Brandom repeats the basis of linguistics, of the game played between people, based on inference and the inherent ability to deduce and conclude. An individual can naturally deduce something spoken or gestured from another individual by making a commitment to do so. This commitment relies heavily on the shared discernment between individuals, the factual norms that are referenced again and again as a means of achieving the communal awareness of similarity. Haugeland agrees here linguistically, words must create a normal, generic meaning in order for the speaking individual to be understood.There must be common ground. He continues by saying that meanings, by their very nature, are normative rules, an d emphasizes this dilemma by citing this example And the essential problem is that individuals cannot impose norms on themselves. For that would be like taking a dictator, with strong legal authority, to be bound by her own law. But she cant really be bound by her own law since, given her authority, if she changes her mind and does something different, that just changes the law which is equivalent to saying that the law did not bind her in the first status.Similarly an individual cannot, on his own authority, bind himself by his private norm. (Haugeland, , p. 219). The crux of this comparison between Haugeland and Brandom is that both agree on the fact that law, in a sense, and rules, must be used to bind a norm, albeit a governing one a norm based on reason. A person cannot be subject to his/her own norms, therefore the norms must be implemented from outside the individual from the communal.Coming back to the linguistic component again, we can logically assume that language as a means of communication forms a regulating basis here. The words, actions and judgment of others forces a certain conformity, a means whereby an individual can operate and coexist within a community. Thought has invariably been at the core of the human need to define him/herself. The adage cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am) has been advance(a) to more complex statements. Rene Descartes advanced dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum (Latin for I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am) (Persaud, p. 259).Cartesian philosophy dwells deeply on thought processes, so it should be unsurprising that both Brandom and Haugeland spent some thought on the dynamics of applying Cartesian methods on the thought process. Haugeland praised Descartes input, going further than the original assumptions made by Descartes and stating that The determinacy that matters here concerns not the formal reality of those ideas but rather their objective reality (roughly their intentional content as representa tions. ) (Haugeland, , p. 224). In other words, Haugeland implies that human individuals in isolation, as subjectively separate, is fairly unimportant.What matters ultimately is the collective, the union of all individuals in an objective community, not necessarily defined by the community but by their place in it, and their unique contributions to it. Brandom seems to agree by stating The social dimension of inference deduction involved in the communication to others of claims that must be available as reasons common ground both to the speaker individual and to the audience collective, community, in spite of differences in collateral commitments, is what underlies the representational dimension of discourse communication. (2000, p. 183).Summed up, the previous statement can be matched to Haugelands assumptions the community is not the only important thing, but in order for norms, rules and laws to make sense regarding thought, language and freedom, the community or collective needs to operate on a standard of shared understanding, so that each unique individual can still function and interact with others despite the individuality. Conclusion Through using Cartesian principles regarding the discovery of usefulness, we have come to the conclusion that, with regards to using doubt as a means of determining an outcome or a reality, naive realism is in fact a necessary element.Reality, as Haugeland would have us believe, is not simply determined by the individuals, communities and their norms only, but rather arises from the world we live in first, before casting a shadow of effects over the individual and the rest. We have argued that Brandom and Haugeland, though often different in their modes of expression and discourse, are nevertheless in agreement on many of the key aspects regarding norms, whether factual or governing, subjective or objective.At the end, Cartesian doubt influences thought, and thought influences language and interaction between people, yie lding a collected sense of understanding and finally yielding a system of laws, rules and judgments that govern and regulate society and community. However, in conclusion it is perhaps better to emphasize Hegels idealism as opposed to Kants pragmatism that freedom be positive, to allow for creativity within the system and to not be bound by external causes such as rules and laws only. References Brandom, R. B. (2000). A Social Route from Reasoning to Representing.Articulating Reasons an Introduction to Inferentialism. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Brandom, R. B. (1979). Freedom and Constraint by Norms. American Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 16, 13, 87-196. Haugeland, J. (). Social Cartesianism. 213-225. Haugeland, J. (1998). Truth and Rule-following. Having Thought Essays in the metaphysics of mind. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Persaud, R. (2002) Ten Books. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 181, 258-261, Retrieved May 17, 2008, from http//bjp. rcpsych. org/ cgi/content/full/181/3/258.

Edna come back from amrecia Essay

What do you think motivates Muriel to identify June as Edna? Does she act on the spur of the moment when she sees June at the waters edge, or has she been prying for some time for someone who can solve her problems for her? Do you think she really believes that June is Edna?Muriel has been searching for some time for someone who can solve her problems for her because she was at her wits end, scarce when June appeared Muriel understood that June was the perfect person to take care her family members who were mentally ill. To illustrate, her brother was a violent alcoholic, her niece was a mentally ill lady friend and her mother had Alzheimers. There are many facts to support that supposition. First, June was left with nothing by Alastairs wife, and then when she was on the train on her way to the roam where she had once been happy with her father, a friendly youth had stolen her handbag with all her belongings, so June did not have any documents which would identify her. This suspi cious fact I think was prepared by Muriel. Second, perhaps Muriel had been following her because she knew that June was homeless without money and hopes.Coincidently, June was going to commit suicide when Muriel suddenly had appeared like her rescuer to offer June her help, and in like manner she told her that she was Edna who had been in America. Third, in Muriels house June was introduced to Ted, Muriels husband, who studied June seriously and closely as if she was an examination paper before giving his acceptance to Muriel closely June. Fourth, Muriel had convinced June to revert her new style to the old style which includes her hair and clothes because that is how Edna had dressed before. Fifth, also to convince June more easily that she was Edna, Muriel told June that her mother had passed on, but she had left a bit of money and a house for her. Finally, when Muriel gave June Ednas handbag, she found a snapshot, which showed June that she had also had a husband and a little d aughter. solely these facts were used by Muriel to convince June to accept that she is Edna and not June, but really Muriel knew that June is not Edna.

Letter to Headteacher

Wednesday 11th January 2012 Dear Mr. Headteacher, While I appreciate the many benefits of our discipline, I think there atomic number 18 still some problems. A big, the bigger, the biggest problem is school uniform. I will like to present you my case for abolishing school uniform and explain to you why ,as a pupil, I feel school uniform should not be mandatory. Statistics show school uniform is not liked by the majority of the students. Think about(predicate) those poor children that make the clothes of the uniform.Im going to make a list with the main points of my letter 1. We all have the just to individuality, to make personal prizes and to evidence our personality. This right of free expression includes the way we recognise to dress. Making everyone wear the same school uniform infringes on our rights and is a misuse of authority. We should have the right to choose what to wear, to express our personalities and ,as a way of learning, to make choices about our lives. 2. In my opinion the uniform costs too much.Even though you need money to do to this school, this doesnt mean that we have to waste money for clothes we can scarce wear at school because they have the school emblem. 3. Our systems of law and regulation typically punish everyone for the actions of a few. We should take the time needed to solve the problem of the trouble-makers that dont dress decently rather than apply a general rule. 4. There atomic number 18 plenty reasons to avoid uniforms. One of these is that the idea of one size fits all is totally wrong. If our uniform fits to a boy, it doesnt mean it fits even to a girl.We have a different-shaped body so the unisex uniform is useless. 5. What is more, uniforms should be abolished from schools because it only causes more conflict between teachers and students, and why do students only wear uniform? The only differences between a teacher and a student are the age and the spelling. We all have the same rights so ,even though teache rs have more authority, we should deference each other and dont abuse of power. 6. Another point is that I find unfair the fact that only we have to wear uniform while bigger boys and girls are free to dress as they like.Would you like it? 7. Finally, wearing a school uniform is not good preparation for our future working lives. completely a few jobs require uniforms. After all, our main role-models at school -the teachers- dont have to wear a uniform, do they? The definitions of school are 1. a score (institute) where children go to be educated 2. the process of learning in a school 3. the time during the day when children are working in a school Notice the definitions dont include the word uniform anywhere. It clearly states that school is an institution for learning.The only thing we learn from having uniforms is that we are so dumb that we cant choose the clothes for ourselves. To sum up, school uniform is not the perfect final result if you want to avoid people making gang s. There is a better solution a dress code. While uniforms force all us to wear the same clothes, a dress code give pupils a lot of choice on what to wear. unsuitable dresses can be banned-for example, shirts with vulgar signs, very short skirts, crop tops, bare shoulders The school in this way could be greatly improved. give thanks you for taking the time to read my letter, Yours sincerely, name