European Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Economics - Essay Example But this has supported unsustainable agricultural sectors. Therefore, after three reforms in 1992, 1999 and 2003 it has been reduced to 45%, which is 55 billion euro per year, with the prospect of further reductions in regard to new long term EU budget of 2014 – 2020. (EC. 2005; Doliak, 2004; Europa, 2011) There were two pillars of CAP. The first pillar was the current Single Farm Payment whereas the measures of the second pillar aimed to support development and diversification of rural communities. The CAP Health Check was launched in 2008, so as to modernize the policy and provide assistance when answering to new challenges such as climate changes. The EU 27 also agreed to further cut direct subsidies to farmers, so that there can be benefit of the rural development policy and also to  abolish quotas on milk production. (ELO. 2001; EC., 2003) The future of CAP beyond 2010 in context of the general reform of EU budget has started in 2010. The European Commission highlighted the fact that agriculture must do more to mitigate climate changes and consider the option to establish the third pillar of CAP focusing on this issue. Also it stressed that the current single payment scheme could by maintained but targeted at providing public goods so as to real EU added value. Former commissioner Marian Fischer Bowl has committed to the farmers to carbon emission will be reduced by 20 % by the year 2020. (Europa, 2011) The biggest recipient of CAP funds was France. The largest per capita beneficiaries from CAP were Greece and Ireland. All four graduated countries were net beneficiaries of EU budget and CAP funding. At the start of February 2010, the ministers of agriculture of Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus and Bulgaria agreed in Warsaw on common statement on the future of CAP after 2013. They wanted both pillars to be preserved. They also opposed to the idea of basing the payment level on historical principle. The economic crisis seriously attacked the European agricultural sector, especially the Dairy Farming. Farm milk prices began to fall in late 2008 until it brought the whole sector at the edge. Europe was a witness of several protests of farmers calling for action against volatility of prices and phasing out milk quotas as soon as possible, due to surplus production of milk and dairy products and falling prices. (Europa, 2011) In about 2020, the European Commission will publish a Communication on CAP which will meet the food, natural resources and territorial challenges in the near future. The reform focused in making the European agriculture sector more dynamic, competitive, and effective in responding to the Europe 2020 vision of stimulating sustainable growth, smart growth and inclusive growth. The paper outlined three options for further reforms. In mid 2011, the Commission will present formal legislative proposals following the discussion on these ideas. (Europa, 2011) On the basis of the Communication today, the Commissioner of EU Agriculture and Rural Development highlighted on the importance of making CAP greener, fairer, more efficient and more effective. As per him, CAP will not be just for farmers but for all the EU citizens – as consumers and taxpayers. Hence, it is important that we design our policy in a way which will more simply

Article Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Analysis Assignment - Essay Example The health insurance has really helped people in settling the hospital bills and they are somehow economical. However, when adopting an insurance cover all the aspects need to be considered so as to ensure both efficiency and effectiveness as the document discusses. The document analyzes an article that argues that the publicly insured Americans have somewhat poorer lung transplantation survival as opposed to the UK patients. Approximately 30000 Americans suffer from cystic fibrous (CF) which is an inherited condition. The condition makes the digestive system and the lungs to be blocked with thick and mucus. People suffering from CF tend to experience severe malnutrition, long infections, breathing difficulties and premature deaths. Some CF cases are treatable with just anti-inflammatory drugs and other medicines. However, at the condition’s advanced levels patients may be required to undergo the lung transplantation process. According to Dr. Shah, senior investigator, lung transplantation is one of the complex procedures carried out today. It requires wealth of resources as well as careful long-term management by a number of specialists (Whiteman, 2015). The study assessed the survival of patients suffering from CF in UK and USA who are covered by public insurance of these two respective nations. NHS is the British public insurance while in America Medicare and Medicaid are the effective public insurance. The study involved 2307 both British and American CF patients aged 12 years or older who underwent either the lung transplant or combined heart-lung transplant between the years 2000 and 2011. The study revealed that the British publicly insured patients had approximate survival of 8.1 years as opposed to their American counterparts who had an average of 4.7 years (Whiteman, 2015). The American patients who were privately insured also had poorer outcomes with an approximate survival of 7.9 years. It is worth

Critique on What Ive Learned from Men Essay Example for Free

Critique on What Ive Learned from Men Essay In the article â€Å"What I’ve Learned from Men. † The author Barbara Ehrenreich defines and roots her essay on things women can learn from men. She upholds that men influence women to become tough because of all the conflicts and arguments between the genders that make women recognize they are too ladylike when they are in a battle with men. She also explains that women should learn to get tough and take credit when they have accomplished or succeeded in a certain task and not just blame it on luck. Unfortunately, the article â€Å"What I’ve Learned from Men† is fruitless because the author hasn’t displayed any credible sources that support what she is claiming and also exhibits an amount of logical fallacies. First of all, there are several logical fallacies found in the article, which shows us why Barbara’s article is ineffectual. â€Å"I, a full-grown feminist†¦had behaved like a ninny-or, as I now understand it, like a lady. † This sentence is an example of Ad Hominem. The reason is that she refers to herself as a ninny, a foolish person, or in other words as a lady. Thus, she is attacking herself and all the other ladies who experience a similar event rather than the argument. Identically, the sentence â€Å"we spend a great deal of time acting like a wimp. † is another example of Ad Hominem. Another example is the entire fifth paragraph, â€Å"Think, for example†¦fascination for us. † This is clearly an example of Hasty Generalization where the author has referred the actors Mel Gibson, John Travolta and Marlon Brando as people who don’t talk and care about others feelings so, therefore, this has to be the same situation with us. But, there is no relation between them and us. Moreover, a good example of slippery slope is also present in the article. â€Å"If you’re not sure what to do with your face in the meantime, study Clint Eastwood’s expressions—both of them. † The reason is that the solution (study Clint Eastwood’s expressions) has nothing to do with the problem (what to do with your face). The first step does not lead to the second step and there is no connection between the two steps. Finally, there is an example of a Post-Hoc fallacy in the article. â€Å"If you take the credit you deserve†¦fully intend to do so again. † There is a connection between two ideas in the sentence. That is, if you take the credit for accomplishing something then this will result to being confident and succeeding again and again. Following this further, we will shift to the other claim of why the article is ineffective, which is the lack of supportive and credible sources. The author is not credible since all the information she supplied in her article is from her own experience and not from a well-known book or study. Hence, people will face difficulties in trusting whatever the author is saying in the article and especially males, since the independent variable in the article is men. â€Å"Sociologists have observed that in male-female social interactions it’s the woman who throws out leading questions and verbal encouragements. † This sentence has no proof, evidence or reference. So the author cannot just state this point without backing it up with proof. Logically, you can find men who are similar to this statement and women who are as well. Finally, this shows that the author is not demonstrating information and details with evidence and proof. Thus, this is another reason why the author’s article is ineffective. In conclusion, the article is fruitless since the author hasn’t supplied it with credible and supportive sources and references; as well as the presence of several amounts of logical fallacies and also of different types. This affected her argument badly and her reasoning just showed that she is trying to strengthen her opinion rather than strengthening her argument. Likewise, if the author has a very good experience in such topics but fails to have a good logical reasoning, the article’s reputation will be disrupted critically. Finally, the article should contain all these points so that it can be strong; and so that she can promote in what she believes in.

The History Of The Electric Guitar Film Studies Essay

The History Of The Electric Guitar Film Studies Essay Contemporary music can be either loved or hated, listened with pleasure or suffered with a heavy teeth, praised or blamed. However, neither supporters nor opponents of modern jazz, rock and rap would deny that the queen of modern music electric guitar is an important invention of the 20th century. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitar, there appeared such styles rock and roll, hard rock, heavy metal, psychedelic rock, alternative, punk, grunge and hundreds of other types and styles, totally different, but united by one thing the sound of electric guitar. The electric guitar completely changed the world of contemporary music, and we do not know how it could look like, if in the far 1924 the pickup had not been invented. There appeared hundreds of new companies specializing on the production of electric guitars, such as the Music Man, Ibanez, Jackson, BS Rich; and all of them are based on the findings and ideas presented by George Bishampom, Paul Barth, Adolf Rickenbacker, Lloyd Loher, Les Paul, Leo Fender and Ted McCarthy. Precisely thanks to these people, the contemporary music is such as we know it. Electric guitar is a kind of guitar with the pickup that converts vibrations of metal strings into electric current oscillations. The signal from the pickups can be processed to produce various sound effects and then amplified for playback through the speakers. Some believe that the electric guitar is made of plastic or metal, but in fact it is usually made of wood. The most common materials are alder, ash, mahogany, maple. As the plates on the bar rosewood, ebony and maple are used. The most common are six-string electric guitars. Its better to start telling the history of the electric guitar invention, by saying that there are many styles of music, which are not even impossible without this instrument. In some directions and styles it plays a dominant role, we mean rock and roll and its derivatives up to the Heavy, as well as Doom / Death and Black Metal. Without guitars all of the above are impossible. Electric guitar is used in several other musical styles in varying degrees. In addition, the musical direction which has found electric guitar can exist without it. We are talking about the blues. In the early twentieth century, the acoustic guitar has become a full member of dance bands. Numerous American jazz and blues bands in the 1920s and 1930s used acoustic guitar, but it almost could not be heard, therefore, it was on the post of a rhythm instrument. It did not satisfy audience and musicians. Experiments on gaining derived sounds from the guitar began. Inventors, as usual, can to help. The first known experiment with amplification of guitar sound with the help of electricity is related to 1924 when Lloyd Loar (engineer and inventor who worked in the company of Gibson) invented the pickup, a fixed oscillation of the resonator box stringed instruments. However, his invention failed on the market. In 1931, George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker invented an electromagnetic pickup in which an electric pulse running through the winding of the magnet, created an electromagnetic field, which amplifies the signal from the vibrating strings. When their instrument appeared, it was immediately called  «frying pan », because firstly, the case was all-metal. Secondly, by its form the tool reminded the pan with a disproportionately long handle neck. But in the end it was the first viable and competitive electric guitar. The success of these first models prompted Gibson to create his (now legendary) model ES-150. The first electric Hawaiian-style guitar from the Ro-Pat-In (later Rickenbacker) appeared on the U.S. market in 1932. By the end of 1930 many experimenters have begun to experiment and build pickups in a more traditional looking Spanish guitars with hollow shells. But they met trouble in the form of resonance interference (feedback), distortion and other extraneous noise. In the end, that problem was solved with the help of double counter-winding, which extinguished unwanted signal. But first, musicians and engineers had tried to solve the problem differently: they put all sorts of rags and scraps of newspaper in the resonator box to get rid of unnecessary fluctuations and pickups. The most radical option was suggested by guitarist and engineer Les Paul he just made a deck for guitar monolithic. Unlike pans, however, the deck of Les Paul was made of wood (pine). And it was called The Log. For pickup Les Paul used the parts from the phone, and, ordinary piece of wood as the body. Due to the fact that the sound was amplified by the electronics, acoustic resonator was not needed anymore. When he first appeared in public his instrument looked like for something strange. Finally, to appease the public Les Paul attached body Spanish guitar to bars. Other engineers began to experiment with solid or nearly solid piece of wood. In 1940, Paul Bigsby and Leo Fender were doing that. By 1950, the company founded by Fender already produced a guitar named Esquire, followed by a Broadcaster, then Telecaster, and in 1954 the world saw the first Stratocaster. Since then, the electric guitar became massively produced and became an integral part of modern music. Electric guitar is the purest product of scientific and technological revolution. The guitar masters of the past were changing the sound of instrument, experimenting with its design and materials it is made of. Modern Torreses modify only the audio signal coming from the sensor to the amplifier. They deal with the frequency converter and chips, resulting in experimental sounds, that dont sound as guitar. Only the list of effects that can be achieved when playing the electric guitar, using the so-called gadgets, can take a couple of paragraphs. Since the sound of electric guitar does not depend on the shape of its body, the designers give it more and more bizarre shapes. It is true, that the most successful variants of the body of electric guitar are patented by manufacturers (electric guitar with the body in the form of a dovetail produces, for example, by Gibson). Besides Gibson the internationally known are such companies as Fender, BcRich, Ibanez. Computerization has not bypassed the electric guitar also. Today, there are some models of electric guitars, which are equipped with electronic device, which was made it possible to record the sound of string. The sound is recorded in the form of computer code that goes into digital devices, processing and reproducing sound. Due to such innovations, the guitar sound became especially impressive and simply magical. It is impossible not to be fond of modern jazz, blues, funk, rap, rock and other music when the musical world is ruled by electric guitar. As it was already mentioned, the appearance of the guitar influenced many genres and artists. Electric guitar is widely applied in such kinds of music as jazz, blues, rock, academic music and others. Electric guitar came to jazz in 1937 thanks to Eddie Durham, who (through the orchestra os Jimmy Lunsford) got to Count Basie. Basie, however, preferred to use him as a trombonist. The only guitar solo by Durham eight-tact piece, played on an electric National, tapped only in  «Time Out » (recorded August 9, 1937). Historical was partly restored on March 18, 1938, when a group of Eddie Durham and His Base Four appeared in the New York studio to record two discs for the label Commodore. George Barnes became the first electric blues man when on March 1, 1938 played in the studio first with Big Bill Broonzy, and then with Curtis Jones. In 1939, the electric guitar was taken up by the grandees of the Chicago Blues Big Bill and Tamp Red. Then Memphis Minnie recorded electric version of the song  «Me And My Cauffer », which brought the first big success. Charlie Christian, who gained fame in the years 1939-1942, but could not receive big glory (in 1923 died of tuberculosis), became the third most important star of early electric guitar (after Durham and McAuliffe). Jazz historians say that he became a key figure in the history of modern electric guitar, influencing the work of such masters as Eldon Shemblin, Merle Travis, Hank Thompson, Chet Atkins, Bill Black, Jimmy Bryant, Barney Kessel, Tal Farlow, Wes Montgomery. Simultaneously with the emergence of rock music, electric guitar became a key instrument for rock bands. It sounded on the records of many early rock musicians Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, but a revolutionary impact on the development of rock electric guitar playing techniques was contributed by Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley. Their solo parties and techniques for using the guitar sound in the context of the songs, experimenting with the sound had a major influence on subsequent rock music. In 1960, there appear a number of new discoveries in the use of electric guitars. The celebrated guitarist Jimi Hendrix radically altered views on the guitar sound, creating in every possible way new sounds, using a wide range of effects. First of all, there appeared the first effects pedal of distortion and fuzz, which first were used by garage rock group (Link Wray, The Sonics, The Kinks), and a little later by more popular artists (The Beatles, The Rolling Stones). By the end of the decade musicians begin experimenting with the use of Guitar Canceller in songs (The Velvet Underground), as well as more aggressive and dirty sound. The latter led to the appearance of the genre of hard rock in the 1970s, whose most prominent guitarists were Ritchie Blackmore, Jimmy Page. In 1980, with the development of punk rock and alternative rock, musicians started experimenting with finding new sounds of electric guitars. An important role was played by some groups of the late 70s, for example, Joy Division, whose guitarist Bernard Sumner created not just the rhythm or the solo parts in the traditional sense, but atmospheric soundscapes perceived on a subconscious level. Revolutionary role in the development of rock guitar in 1980s was played by Sonic Youth, whose guitarists Torston Moore and Lee Ranaldo, using non-traditional settings and playing techniques, feedbacks, all sorts of strange guitar effects, could create a unique sound, which became the basis for all subsequent evolution of rock. Such groups as The Jesus and Mary Chain, Big Black, The Jesus Lizard, Pixies, Nirvana used the work of Sonic Youth, creating the genre of noise rock. It gave the development to the subgenre shoegazing, in which the sound of electric guitars was the most distant from the usual standards. The songs of shoegazing groups impose a huge number of parties, which sometimes sounded like synthesizers, traditional guitar riffs on the back burner, and all together they created a very strange and revolutionary effect. Brian Eno called that sound pop music of the future. Leading groups of the genre are My Bloody Valentine (guitarists Kevin Shields and Debbie Googe), Slowdive, Ride, Pale Saints. At the same time in the 80 years, basing on the folk-rock the 60s a softer guitar sound appeared, it gave multiple parties Symphony effect when imposing. A huge role in the development of such a sound was played by Johnny Marr from The Smiths. Electric guitar was very popular among composers of classical music also. In the 1950-1960s, many composers of classical music began to use electric guitar in their compositions. Among these works Gruppen by Karlheinz Stockhausen (1955-1957), String Trio by Donald Erb (1966), The Possibility of a New Work for Electric Guitar by Morton Feldman (1966). Among the later works of this kind there are MASS by Leonard Bernstein (1971), Electric Counterpoint by Steve Reich (1987), Miserere by Arvo Pà ¤rt (1989-1992), Symphony à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾- 4 by Lepo Sumer (1992) with electric guitar solo in the third part. In the 1980-1990-ies even more young composers began to write compositions for electric guitar. Among them there are Steven Mackey, Nick Didkovsky, Scott Johnson and Tim Brady. Experimental composers, such as Glenn Branca and Rhys Chethem have written several symphonic compositions for electric guitars, which sometimes required up to 100 guitars. Electric guitar made famous a lot of outstanding musicians. Jimi Hendrix, an American guitarist, singer-songwriter and record producer was one of them. He is considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in musical history and one of the most leading musicians of his period in different genres. The main his genres were psychedelic rock, hard rock, blues-rock, acid rock, funk-rock. A lot of his compositions and songs can be considered as vivid examples of outstanding, prominent performance of electric guitar. His album Electric Ladyland (1968) is commonly considered The Jimi Hendrix Experiences greatest achievement and focuses attention on his unbelievable abilities as singer, musician. One of the most interesting songs in the album is Gypsy Eyes that is based on the field holler. The song is about Jimis mother. The author had major issues with his mom abandoning him as a child. Jimi nearly romanticized her as being an excellent motherand he really wants to find out if she loves him. The genre of the song is: psychedelic rock, funk rock, blues-rock. This song is followed by complex and original structures. It is full of sizzling, aggressive guitar sound and can be understood as a slice of blues and psychedelic features. Gypsy Eyes start out with a sole bass drum beating, then a fast hammer on pulloff continuation, to bass note to a high melody. While listening, there appears a real magic, voodoo gypsy feel to it that draws the listener in. The song is based on a standard, ancient blues field holler, with Jimi Hendrix creating some great synergy between his vocal and the lead guitar riff. In fact, the song is loaded with a collection of riffs, and Hendrix neatly compiles them together in one song. Utilizing the recording studio as an instrument, Hendrixs overdubbing technique reaches an early peak here, as the multiple guitar parts swirl around each other in spectacular fashion. In addition, the flanging/phasing effects are also a part of the arrangement, and by proxy the song itself. Characterizing the song, there can be said that the song features guitar themes that float between left and right channels. Richard Middleton remarks that licks in rock music are often used all the way through a formula and variations technique and that the composition Gypsy Eyes is put together from variants of five stock ideasfamiliar from other recordings in the same style (Middleton, 1990). Drum lick A Drum lick B A complex of riffs on guitar and bass guitar A basic melodic falling pattern, using the notes of the pentatonic scale A characteristic guitar effecty, the attacked single note with long decay and glissando fall (Middleton, 1990). He concludes that the combination and variations of these formulae are many and highly imaginative. But the basic formulae are so simple that the recording could well have been worked out in performance (Middleton, 1990). Jimi Hendrix wrote very different music, for example in his composition Purple Haze from the album Are You Experienced (1966), is known for its use of the Hendrix chord (dominant 7 # 9) that is played as the first chord right after the introduction. Such chord structure was regularly used in jazz by such musicians as Horace Silver at the beginning of 1960s, but was not implemented in rock on a regular basis. The beginning of the composition is remarkable for its well-known use of the distinctive tritone interval; it was often used by jazz artists. It is sounded when Hendrix plays an E7 #9 (low to high: E, G#, D, G) on the guitar while the bass plays an E (and its octave);( Rooksby, 2002) such a dissonant interval was unusual in popular music of the time. The guitar solo is played through an Octavia, an effects pedal that increases notes by one octave. The effect was developed by Roger Mayer, an acoustical and electronics engineer, and Mayer claims he made it in cooperation with Jimi Hendrix (Octavia). A dubbed guitar part using the Octavia can also be noticed in the outro. concl Electric guitar is a very well known or may be, even the most famous musical instrument in the world. Without this musical instrument people could not appreciate the talent and creativity of great musicians of our time. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitars, rich sound processing, as well as analog and digital processors allowed to change the sound of classical guitar incredibly. The appearance of an entirely new electronic sound foreshadowed the emergence of great virtuosos of the music world. Such legends of rock music, and simply outstanding personalities like Jimmy Hendrix, Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin), Jeff Beck, BB King, Keith Richards (Rolling Stones ) fairly occupy a special place in the hall of fame of the world cultural enrichments and deserve respect. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitar, there appeared such styles rock and roll, hard rock, heavy metal, psychedelic rock, alternative, punk, grunge and hundreds of other types and styles. The electric guitar complete ly changed the world of contemporary music, making it brighter and more interesting. The electric guitar has been the most popular musical instrument for more than a half of a century and its popularity seems to be immortal.

Humorous Wedding Roast of the Groom :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech about the Groom Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Before starting the one speech that I know you’ve all been waiting for, I’d like to thank both Steve and Marcus – my two support acts. And I’d also like to thank Marcus in particular, for hosting what so far has been an absolutely fantastic wedding. It can’t have been easy watching your only daughter marry someone like Steve. In fact, I can only imagine what it might have been like - perhaps a similar feeling to realizing that you’ve just trodden in some fresh dog mess, only 100 times worse? But Marcus, if I may call you that, you’ve conducted yourself with great dignity and composure today, and I think we should all take inspiration from you – particularly when we next have a mishap on the pavement. And talking of mishaps on pavements, it was 17 years ago this very year that I trod on Steve – sorry, I mean that I met Steve - one September morning, both of us walking to our first day at St Joseph’s Secondary. And I feel the things I’ve witnessed over the last 17 years give me a certain authority today to remind Marcus, and to tell those of you who don’t know Steve, quite what Aimee’s got herself into. Now, I can see Steve beginning to look uncomfortable and, behind that sweet smile, Aimee is clearly furious. And it’s fair enough, because they did make it very plain to me that today was a family occasion. But it’s also tough, because this is too good an opportunity to miss. That said, they shouldn’t really worry because Steve’s never been much of a rebel. In fact, at school he was quite a goody-two-shoe – if you ignored the fact that through the fourth and fifth year he used his changing room locker to run a profitable lending library of pornographic magazines. Let me tell you, when word got round that the Porn Prince had some new stock in, there would be a queue half way round the block. Or so I heard. But he did ask me not to go into that today, because it’s something he’s never told Aimee, so I won’t. And in fairness to Steve, he was actually a keen student who always wanted to put forward his opinions – and he would have done well if the examination board had only agreed with just a few more of them.

The Causes of World War II Essay -- American History, World War Two, p

From the Treaty of Versailles, to the rise of Hitler, and the failure of the League of Nations, there were many causes that lead up to World War II. World War I left Germany with many shortfalls, thus leaving them in the hands of the Treaty of Versailles. Rather unfair of a Treaty, this left Germany once again looking for another way out. A country resented by many had no other choice but to feel optimistic toward Adolph Hitlers empty promises†¦ making it substantially simple for him to gain power so quick. Throw in the Great Depression, and you have a vastly unstable world, which the Germans believed Hitler would lead them out of. After World War One, Germany was thrown into downward spiral. They were left with a monstrous amount of unemployed people, and they were still unhappy about being the scapegoat of World War One, thus according to the Treaty of Versailles. Looking for a way to rebuild, Hitler came in at a perfect time. Adolph Hitler made them many promises, ensuring them that in believing in him, Germany would be great once again. One of his many promises was that he would stimulate employment. To do this, he promised that he would employ the unemployed, by giving them jobs building roads, stadiums, etc. Hitler promised the middle class he would reinstate small business profits, and communist threat. He also promises farmers the reimbursement for their losses during the Great Depression, by raising the prices of their produce. Another one of Hitlers many promises was that he would destroy the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles basically blamed Germany for everything, stating that Germany accepted the guilt in causing the war. Germany signed under protest. It stated that Germany was to pay for the reparat... ... They weren't allowed any more than 100,000 men in their army, they were only entitled to keep six battleships, they were not to create and kind of powerful aircraft. The Germans believed this was only to keep them weak. Enter Hitler, and his obliterating the Treaty of Versailles. He led Germany in rearming in 1933, and Hitler proclaimed they would be ready for war by 1940. Hitler basically destroyed the Treaty of Versailles by 1939, and thus World War II began with the invasion of Poland. All in all, there were many events and a vast amount of problems that ignited World War II. It's amazing how so many different aspects can all snowball into having the same motive of causing a world war. With so many powerful individuals all wanting something different (peace, power), it was just a recipe for disaster. Evidently, a nation under stress isn't a sound nation at all.

Master-Slave Dialectic Hegel and Fanon Views

Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Master slave relationship and dialectic Fanon – Black Skin White Masks Black Skin and  Hegel Self Consciousness â€Å"In this experience self-consciousness learns that life is essential to it as pure self-consciousness. One (self-consciousness) is self-sufficient; for it, its essence is being-for-itself. The other is non-self-sufficient, for it, life, that is, being for an other, is the essence. The former is the master, the latter is the servant† (Hegel 189).Hegel suggests in the dialectic that there is coherence between subject and object, concrete and abstract, part and whole, and for the purpose of dialectic, master and slave. Hegel believes that â€Å"master† is a â€Å"consciousness. † The consciousness defines itself in mutual relations to what is referred to as slave’s consciousness. This occurs in a process of mutual interdependence and mediation. Hegel uses his Phenomenology of Spirit to provide his unders tanding and exposition of master slave dialectic as an account of both the need of recognition and emergence of self-consciousness.Hegel’s line of thought and work plays a crucial role in Fanon’s exposition of the colonization by the Western. Fanon exposition focuses more on violence and race. Violence adds urgency, complicates and is driven by the need for recognition. An optimistic and promising moment lurks in Fanon’s Black Skin White Masks. The promising moment in Fanon’s work is articulated in a humanity characterization which also serves as an entry point into mutual recognition. The question to ask; is there any hope in reconciliation and coming to terms with the colonial situation between the white master and the black slave?How can we address the problem of mutual recognition in light of racism and violence? Frantz Fanon’s exposition is based on a context that analyzed being both similar and different from our own context. Fanon’s w ork is based on colonialism that has come to an end with effects which are still around. Colonization effects are witnessed in the existing unequal relationships between the former colonies and the West. Fanon’s work still carries much relevance when we reflect on the existing racism and persistence violence in most of the former African colonies.There is a reassessment of the current context when we revisit to reassess Fanon’s Black Skin, White Mask. Fanon attempted to explain how Hegel’s master slave dialectic is significant to the context of former colonies. Being a philosopher and a significant figure in idealism, Hegel reflects his most profound ideas in master slave dialectic that left a significant legacy. Hegel attempts to describe and conceptualize a process of recognition that leads to mutual recognition. According to Hegel’s exposition, proper recognition is achieved through mutual recognition of one consciousness agent and another conscious ag ent.Fanon reflects Hegel’s idea when he says â€Å"There one lies body to body, with one’s blackness or one’s whiteness in full narcissistic cry, each sealed into his own particularity – with, it is true, now and them a flash or so. It is this flash of â€Å"recognition† in its Hegelian sense with its transcendental, sublative spirit – that fails to ignite in the colonial relation where there is only narcissistic indifference† (Fanon 1986). Mutual recognition brings freedom between self and the other and acts as an agent in the attainment and development of own self-consciousness.The self-consciousness is the cognitive awareness of self and the relation to the other and the world in extension. â€Å"If the standpoint of consciousness, which is to say, the standpoint of knowing objective things to be opposed to itself and knowing itself to be opposed to them, counts as the other to science – if it is that the point where consci ousness is at one with itself is where it counts to an even greater degree at the loss of spirit† (Hegel 26). Domination has a central role to play according to Hegel’s master slave dialectic description of specific relations among humans.Domination results from the urge to be recognized in life midst as well as death struggle. Fanon took Hegel’s master slave dialectic in his critique of colonialism and West. Fanon states that dialectic is relevant and crucial to human relations among the colonies. Fanon critique focuses on dialectic based on violence and racism. Hegel’s Self Consciousness: Master and Slave Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) provides master slave dialectic that reflects his ideas on history course up to when he was writing his work. Hegel’s dialectic takes an analysis form of self-consciousness and its working. This pure concept of recognition, that is, the pure concept of the doubling of self-consciousness in its unity, is itself now up for examination in terms of how its process appears for self-consciousness† (Hegel 185). Hegel describes way in which self can become conscious of itself by presence and recognition of itself by an-other. Hegel’s exposition reveals how the process of self-consciousness takes place at the expense of the Other. The Other is negated the moment the self becomes conscious of itself, and declares itself as â€Å"I† and the Other is destroyed as an-other.The negation and destruction of the other results from the other becoming image and mirror of self. The image is the attempts and urge of self to overcome the other in order to achieve primary and essential being in the world. Self and other eventually enter into a phase of self-consciousness which results in an unequal relationship characterized by strict opposition. The self is determined to declare itself as ‘I’ and become conscious in the presence and influence form of an-other. The sel f is no longer considered as a thing or useless or objects among objects by the other.In order to achieve this, self must see and regard the other as an object or a thing, which is attained by annihilating and negating the other considering the other as a ‘self’ existing for itself. In his exposition, Hegel uses â€Å"maser and slave† relationship to demonstrate the process and working of the whole process of self-consciousness. According to Hegel, the master is used to refer to the consciousness existing for itself and which is mediated with itself but through another consciousness. Through this mediation, the master becomes an ‘I’, a being for itself.To become a master, the self-consciousness is experienced in the virtue of presence of an-other. The other now becomes slave. Hegel’s description of slave is the one who is the dependent consciousness and whose essential nature is just to live and to be for another. â€Å"How consciousness is i mmediately to be found and how it determines itself and its object at any given time, that is, how it exists for itself, depends on what it has already come to be, that is, on what it already is in itself† (Hegel 234).The master inextricably links the slave with objecthood and the slave is bound to being considered as a thing by the master. The master desires for the thing and that is the slave, desire to possess it but not to destroy. In addition, this desire is characterized with the urge by the master to transform the slave into something that belongs to the master, thus stripping the slave off its foreignness. Defining the slave (object or thing) or the other satisfies the desire of the master by representing master’s act of making the other the same as the self (master).The slave (other) is bound to nourish the master’s (self) desire to make the world its own. The self takes control by seizing power over the other and he decides what and who the thing (slave ) is. What is the opinion and nature of the thing according to self (master)? According to Hegel, the answer to this question according to master is simple: a thing is something merely negative. â€Å"as the positive, avoids looking at the negative, as is the case when we say of something that it is nothing or it is false, and then, being done with it, go off on our own way on to something else† (Hegel 32).The relationship between slave and master has an ironic effect in that the master achieves his recognition and desire through another consciousness. This implies that the self (master) becomes dependent on the thing for his own self-consciousness. Slave’s chains become those of the aster as well and as a consequence, the process creates a scenario where there is no manner of full freedom but a presence of mutual enslavement to the other. This means that the object’s meaning is constructed and determined by an-other, creating a situation of being-for-other.This gives the thing (slave) the self-consciousness that is able to affix its own meaning. Hegel’s treatment of recognition comes into a situation where the slave turns the table on the master by way of regarding the master as a thing, which happens after the slave regards himself as an object and not willing to be modified and transformed into an object. Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks: White Master Black Slave Frantz Fanon analysis of the topic on recognition in his work Black Skin, White Masks reinterprets Hegel’s in term of race based on the relationship of black man and white settler, or white master and black slave.Fanon states; â€Å"Man is human only to the extent to which he tries to impose his existence on another man in order to be recognized by him† (Fanon 168). Through this statement, Fanon reveals various positive and negative things that can be discussed about recognition. Desire or need for one to be recognized is a human attribute where a hum an wants to be recognized. Fanon reveals that one is human if he is recognized as such. According to Fanon, it is negative when the extent of the imposition of a self’s existence on an-other becomes a measure of humanity, where one is human by ensuring that one imposes oneself on an-other without challenges.Fanon still qualifies the concept of humanity as a bond between self and an-other. Fanon said; â€Å"It is that other being, on recognition by that other being, that is his own human worth and reality depend. It is that other being in whom the meaning of life is condensed† (Fanon 169). A self becomes hums when an-other recognizes him as human, intertwining humanity with the other. This slightly contrasts with Hegelian stand that humanity only comes about in the consumption of the other due to the urge and desire for recognition. Fanon expresses Hegelian need or desire as an â€Å"open conflict between black and white.One day, the White Master, without conflict, rec ognized the Negro slave† (Fanon 169). The black slave does not measure to the standards of whiteness and this drives to the assertion of the white settlers as a master. Black slave’s image to the white settler is that of negative attributes based on humanity as the slave is regarded as â€Å"machine-animal-men to the supreme rank of men† (Fanon 171) who are partly human, partly animal, and completely a thing. Hegelian master slave dialectic turns from master to object where the master is now considered as an object and the results asserts its own subjectivity.The black slave turns towards the master abandoning the object and the master’s subjectivity is considered as his own desires. In Hegelian final analysis, the slave disallows the definition of itself by the object (master) as refuses to be considered as a thing and through this; the slave takes hold of its own meaning. The Hegelian slave now forms its independent self-consciousness and his situation b ecomes so radicle that the object (master) becomes dependent on the slave to enhance in upholding his own self-consciousness.Fanon’s slave in white master black slave is not so fortunate compared to Hegelian slave. Fanon’s slave remains in an unfavorable situation as he does not create himself and continues to be dependent on the white master for his own self-consciousness. In his work, Fanon states; â€Å"The inferiority of the colonized is the correlative to the European’s feeling of superiority†¦It is the racist who creates his inferior† (Fanon 69). This directs focus on the subject since the black slave wants to be regarded as an object and never wants to be considered as an object.In the gaze of the white master, the black slave is used as an instrument for the master to measure his superiority. Additionally, the black slave gives the master the ability to realize his subjective security, and in defining himself and the world. Lastly, the slave is â€Å"denied in terms of individuality and liberty† (Fanon 164). The Conflict and the Violence The situation between the white master- black slaves may result to a radical and bleak situation. The environment shapes the slave and the desire for subjectivity is not yet exhausted with all odds staked up against the slave.The situations force the slave to â€Å"have an indisputable complex of dependence on the white man† (Fanon 168). The black cannot remain in the place assigned to him, for he seeks to find an end to this. According to Fanon, this happens through conflict and violence. According to Fanon’s exposition, â€Å"human reality in-itself-for-itself can be achieved only through the risk that conflict implies† (Fanon 170). Conflict becomes a central feature in humanity and human reality if there is a desire for one to be transformed from being an object to a subject.This in turn facilitates an entry to self-consciousness. Pursuit of subjectivity b y the black slave threatens the life of the master as Fanon puts it, â€Å"self-consciousness accepts the risk of its life, and consequently it threatens the other in his physical being† (Fanon 169). The desire for slave subjectivity implies that the slave wants to make himself recognized by virtue of his own agency, and he wants to assign meaning to himself as he desires. The slave no longer desires to be considered as a mere thing.Hegel gives a clear articulation of the Black slave’s desire for subjectivity when he states that freedom exists only because one is prepared to take the ultimate risk to obtain it. Freedom is not a right for the slave and is therefore essentially negative and gained beyond struggle and has to be earned. The characteristic of this freedom is the ability to assign and gain meaning by one self. â€Å"As this universal self-consciousness of each and all, spirit has in one unity its pure inwardness as well as the being for others and the being -for-self of the individuals† (Hegel 710).According to Hegel, â€Å"vanity is expected to give up this freedom, and, instead of being the arbitrary principle moving the content, it is supposed to let this freedom descend into the content and move itself by its own nature and then to observe this movement† (Hegel 58). The freedom and the agency involved in being-for-self is not granted for the black slave and the black slave fails to grant himself this freedom and agency.Fanon believes that recognition without struggle does not take place as the white man, in the capacity of master, one day, without conflict said to the Negro, â€Å"From now on you are free† (Fanon 172). However, the white man words to the Negro here seem contradictory since the tone seems normative in a sense, commanding the black slave to accept that he is now free since he has same rights as those of the master. The statement is an empty recognition considering that the slave wants to make hims elf recognized and take control of what transpires.Fanon describes slave-object situation by restating Hegel’s description: â€Å"The individual who has not staked his life, may, no doubt, be recognized as a person, but he has not attained the truth of his recognition as an independent self-consciousness† (Fanon 170). This point throws some focus on the idea of personhood in the Hegelian sense. It is through struggle that personhood is gained. However, this does not guarantee that that one has gained freedom or agency in terms of being able to provide oneself with a desired meaning.According to Fanon’s view, the black slave will be satisfied if master slave dialectic is inverted and the only means to so is through conflict and struggle. White master’s values are inherited and exercised by the black slave without transformations. This leaves the black slave at a bleak situation wondering if there is any hope in coming to agreement with the colonial situati on between the black and slave and the white master. Is it really possible to move form conflict and violence to mutual recognition on inter-subjective level?This move is however possible if we turn to Fanon’s characterization of humanity that serves as a point of entry to mutual recognition. Characterization of Humanity according to Fanon Humanity, according to Fanon, is characterized with a direction of mutual recognition that is identified by the importance of acknowledging differences among people, the integral role of action as it relates to the subjectivity formation and the basic values of humanity. Under acknowledgment of difference, the affirmation of differences between white and masters and black slaves is important.The white master addressing the black man as a brother attempts to convince the black that there are no differences between the black and the white. â€Å"When it does happen that the Negro looks fiercely at the white man, the white man tells him: Brot her, there is no difference between us† (Fanon 172). This shows a simple paternalistic curiosity that the white man has in the black man which in turn shows that the white master has an interest in the black man as far as the former slave can be of political and economic assistance to the white man.There are ulterior motives then through the way the white master proclaims rhetorically that blacks and whites are equal. This is not an assertion of equality but rather sameness. The role and impact of race in a society is an issue that should be handled carefully. Fanon states that action is integral to the formation of subjective self-consciousness when he states: â€Å"the former slave needs a challenge to his humanity; he wants a conflict, a riot† (Fanon 172). The former slave is rendered active from the outside challenges he faces and the desire for subjectivity.Action is central to Fanon’s idea as it is a notion that problematizes and undermines recognition. Act ion and recognition should however co-exist to assist one in attaining subjectivity. Fanon puts clearly the significance and utter importance of action, where one puts thoughts into what they consider to be basic values constituting the human world. Basic Values of Humanity These are the values that Fanon provide that motivate action from people, those that people pursue, with even a risk of death in the process. Fanon said: â€Å"that man is a yes. Yes to life.Yes to love. Yes to generosity† (Fanon 173). These values constitute the backbone of mutual recognition and also humanity. The values also serve as motivation towards action, implying that action should bring about a human society that is based on these values. According to Fanon, action is superior to reaction and in his work; Fanon says â€Å"man’s behavior is only relational. And there is always resentment in a reaction† (Fanon 173). Fanon follows Nietzsche when he says that human behavior must be acti onal and that freedom is found out of practice.However, reaction is not necessarily negative and action in this case can also be a reaction against something alike transgressions of humanity. Fanon conceptualizes the humanity transgressions when he states, â€Å"man is also a no. No to scorn of man. No to degradation of man. No to exploitation of man. No to the butchery of what is most human in man: freedom† (Fanon 173). It is the desire for life, generosity and life that defines humans as well as their desire for both freedom and a mutual recognition ad subjectivity in hich the agency is afforded by both the self and the Other for the provision of meaning to one’s own life. This freedom is both a practice and value and any transgression against it almost certainly results in a violation of humanity and human life. One’s actions, in favor of mutual subjectivity, must at the same time be a reaction against degradation, scorn, and any exploitation aimed at human l ife. Self and Other is inextricably dependent on a simple and basic, but mutually beneficial, conceptualization of humanity.Fanon’s Black Skins, White Masks thus provides a starting point for conceptualization and in that there is an optimistic moment in Fanon’s reading of Hegel termed as a point of entry into mutual recognition. Reciprocity as Key to Mutual Recognition Reciprocity is a key element in Hegel’s recognition. Fanon considers absolute reciprocity to be the foundation of Hegelian dialectic. One-sided recognition cannot work according to Fanon, who asserts, â€Å"action from one side only would be useless, because what is to happen can only be brought about by means of both† (Fanon 169).The search for meaning to life and for an authentic identity can only be fulfilled in mutual recognition. The move from objecthood to subjecthood is the starting point to mutual recognition. This need is integral to the constitution of a healthy and functional hu man society. A self primitively begin as an is, a being-in-itself. However, one wants to be and emerge into being recognized. One wants to be considered as a subject and not an object (being-for-other). The other requires the same presence of oneself, in order to reach the same result and as a consequence of a society of comparison is formed.There is a simple conviction at the root of the need for recognition that the self has about itself, namely that the self is not a mere thing and should not be considered as an object. The refusal to be objectified drives the desire for subjectivity which in turn opens up the possibility of independence, agency, freedom and personhood. The desire also represents the move â€Å"beyond life toward a supreme good that is the transformation of subjective certainty of my own worth into a universally valid objective truth† (Fanon 170).Such truth search, for a supreme good beyond life, represents the creation of the human world in which one seek s reciprocal recognitions by recognizing which is human in an-other. Master slave dialectic as revealed by Fanon and Hegel shows that the aftermath of colonization is a messy and uncompromising process where human lives are lost and seriously damaged. There is a number of empowering and positive values that emerge for their work such as those based on the possibilities and pitfalls of mutual recognition that characterizes a positive description of humanity.